Prolog Fundamentals Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the predicates section in a Prolog program?

To specify the query of the program.

To hold facts and rules the program operates on.

To define the goals of the program.

To declare predicates and their argument domains. (correct)

What is the correct format for a predicate declaration in Prolog?

Predicate name -> argtype1, argtype2

argtype1: Predicate name, argtype2: Predicate name

Predicate name(argtype1, argtype2, ...) (correct)

Predicate: name(argtype1; argtype2)

Which statement about predicate names in Prolog is true?

They can include spaces.

They can start with a digit.

They must begin with an uppercase letter.

They must start with a lowercase letter. (correct)

What types of goals can be defined in the goal section of a Prolog program?

Simple goals and compound goals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic standard domain in Prolog?

character Signup and view all the answers

In Prolog, what is the main function of the clauses section?

To store facts and rules for the program. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the arguments that predicates can accept in Prolog's domains section?

The types of data that can be used. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the symbolic names of relations in Prolog?

They are called predicate names and relate objects. Signup and view all the answers

What data type is represented as a character surrounded by single quotation marks?

char Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct syntax to declare a symbolic constant in Visual Prolog?

CONSTANT zero = 0 Signup and view all the answers

Which option is a valid declaration for a string in Visual Prolog?

string name = "Jane_Doe" Signup and view all the answers

How must variable names in Visual Prolog start?

With a capital letter or underscore Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a variable in Prolog to be 'bound'?

It has a value matched from constants or rules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an anonymous variable in Prolog?

To ignore unnecessary values in a query Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a real number in Visual Prolog?

5.67 Signup and view all the answers

In Visual Prolog, how are facts declared in a dynamic database?

In the FACT section Signup and view all the answers

What type of programming does Prolog primarily represent?

Declarative Programming Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the basic structure of a Prolog program?

A collection of facts and rules Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Prolog, what are 'facts'?

Relations or properties that must be true Signup and view all the answers

How does Prolog utilize predicate logic?

By using a simplified syntax to express logical relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the inference engine in Prolog?

It matches patterns to derive conclusions from known facts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of transforming natural language sentences in Prolog?

To express logical relationships more clearly Signup and view all the answers

What ends a fact in the syntax used by Prolog?

A period (.) indicating the end Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Prolog?

It uses a sequence of actions to execute programs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prolog Overview

Prolog is a declarative programming language that focuses on logic rather than a sequence of actions.
It consists of a collection of facts and rules for drawing logical conclusions.
Based on predicate logic, which allows for structured representations of relations and objects.

Predicate Logic

Developed to clearly express logic-based ideas in written form.
Uses a syntax where unnecessary words are removed, focusing on relationships and arguments.
Prolog employs a simplified variant of this syntax, resembling natural language for better understanding.

Inference in Prolog

Inference engine: a built-in mechanism that allows Prolog to derive new information from known facts.
Facts are defined in a straightforward manner: a relation name followed by objects in parentheses, ending with a period (e.g., fun(car).).

Knowledge Representation

Facts: Statements that are always true, representing properties or relations (e.g., Property(object1), Relation(object1, object2)).
Rules: Conditional statements defining relationships between facts but were not explicitly included in the facts.

Natural Language to Prolog Syntax

Transforming natural sentences into predicate logic requires structuring them to focus on relationships (e.g., "A car is fun" becomes fun(car).).
Predicate names represent the relationships and the objects they involve are called arguments.

Basic Elements of Prolog Programs

Predicates Section: Declare predicates and their argument types; predicate names must start with a lowercase letter and can include letters, digits, and underscores.
Clauses Section: Contains facts and rules for the program to operate on.
Goal Section: Contains queries to the program, which can be simple or compound.

Domains Section

Declares non-standard domains for predicate arguments, similar to data types in other programming languages.
Common standard domains include char, byte, integer, string, etc.

Basic Standard Domains

Char: A single character, enclosed in single quotes (e.g., 'a').
Real: Represents floating-point numbers.
String: A sequence of characters; can be expressed as a lower-case sequence or enclosed in double quotes.
Symbol: Similar to string but allows for different representations.

Constants Section

Allows the declaration and use of symbolic constants, formatted as CONSTANTS followed by specific declarations (e.g., zero = 0).

Fact Section

Dedicated to declaring facts in the program's dynamic database, facilitating querying and data manipulation.

Variables

Variables can be used to write general rules and queries, starting with an uppercase letter or an underscore.
Free variables are those without assigned values; once they match constants, they are bound.
Anonymous Variables: Represented by an underscore (_), used to ignore unnecessary values during a query.

Summary

Prolog's design emphasizes logical reasoning and knowledge representation, utilizing facts, rules, and a user-friendly syntax that aligns with natural language for efficient programming.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of Prolog, including its principles of declarative programming, predicate logic, and knowledge representation. This quiz will cover essential information such as facts, rules, and Prolog syntax. Assess your understanding of variables, constants, and how natural language can be translated into Prolog.