Introduction to Organizational Behavior Week 3
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Questions and Answers

What are the three key beliefs involved in MARS - Role Perceptions?

Understanding what tasks to perform, the relative importance of tasks, and preferred behaviors to accomplish those tasks.

How do situational factors affect behavior according to MARS?

Situational factors like time, people, budget, and work facilities can either constrain or facilitate an individual's behavior.

What are the three components that make up motivation according to the MARS model?

Direction, intensity, and persistence.

List two elements that contribute to personality according to the nature vs nurture argument.

<p>Heredity and socialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Trait Theory focus on in the understanding of personality?

<p>Trait Theory focuses on breaking down behavior patterns into observable traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do personal values influence individual behavior as per the MARS model?

<p>Personal values determine what individuals prioritize and influence their decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized by the Humanistic Theory of personality?

<p>Individual self-efficacy, growth, and improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of emotions in the MARS model?

<p>Emotions impact individual behaviors and results through their influence on attitudes and perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does personality affect performance in organizational behavior?

<p>Personality types can influence how individuals approach tasks, interact with others, and respond to challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Basic Psychological Model, what are two components that influence behavior?

<p>The person and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is personality generally measured?

<p>Personality is measured through various assessments and tools designed to evaluate traits and characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are emotional intelligence components that contribute to effective communication?

<p>Self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, and social skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Psychodynamic Theory emphasize regarding behavior?

<p>It emphasizes the unconscious determinants of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the relationship between ability and individual behavior.

<p>Ability encompasses both natural aptitudes and learned skills that determine task completion capability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the situational factors in the MARS model that can affect behavior?

<p>Situational factors include environmental variables that impact an individual's performance and decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'role perceptions' refer to in the context of the MARS model?

<p>Role perceptions refer to how individuals understand their responsibilities and expectations in a given context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of projective tests in personality assessment?

<p>Projective tests elicit an individual’s responses to abstract stimuli to gain insight into their personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do behavioral measures contribute to personality assessment?

<p>Behavioral measures involve observing an individual’s behavior in controlled situations to assess their personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the dimensions included in the Big Five personality traits?

<p>The Big Five personality traits include extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are core self-evaluations (CSEs) and their components?

<p>Core self-evaluations are a broad personality trait composed of generalized self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence self-efficacy?

<p>Self-efficacy is influenced by prior experiences, behavior models, persuasion, and assessment of current capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do personal achievements affect self-esteem?

<p>Personal achievements and praise tend to bolster self-esteem, while destructive feedback can erode it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the concept of locus of control.

<p>Locus of control is a personality characteristic that describes how much responsibility individuals believe they have over their behavior and its outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is extroversion linked to workplace performance?

<p>Extroversion is linked to sales and management performance due to its association with social interaction and persuasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an internal and external locus of control?

<p>Internals attribute positive outcomes to their own abilities and negative outcomes to personal shortcomings, while externals believe their performance results from external factors like luck or fate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the six basic emotions identified by Paul Ekman.

<p>The six basic emotions are happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three distinct components of emotions as defined in emotional intelligence?

<p>The three distinct components are subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the autonomic nervous system respond to emotions?

<p>The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily responses, regulating our fight-or-flight response during emotional experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the behavioral response aspect of emotions.

<p>Behavioral responses include the actual expression of the emotion, such as smiling, grimacing, laughing, or sighing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes individuals with high emotional stability?

<p>Individuals high in emotional stability are relaxed, secure, unworried, and less likely to experience negative emotions under pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effects do low levels of emotional stability have on individuals?

<p>People with low emotional stability are prone to anxiety and tend to view the world negatively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is emotional intelligence important?

<p>Emotional intelligence is crucial because it allows individuals to monitor and understand their own emotions and those of others to guide their thinking and actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Organizational Behavior (Week 3)

  • This week explores how individual factors influence important outcomes, focusing on personality and emotions.
  • Personality types and their impact on performance will be discussed.
  • The presentation will also cover key aspects of emotions and emotional intelligence.

Objectives

  • Understanding individual differences
  • Applying the MARS model
  • Examining personality and its measurements
  • Analyzing emotions and emotional intelligence

Organizing Framework for Understanding and Applying OB

  • Inputs: Person factors (intelligences, personality, proactive personality, self-evaluations, self-efficacy, locus of control, self-esteem, emotional intelligence) and situation factors.
  • Processes: Individual level (emotions), group/team level (group/team dynamics), organizational level.
  • Outcomes: Individual level (task performance, work attitudes, well-being, turnover, career outcomes), group/team level (group/team performance, group satisfaction), organizational level (financial performance, survival, reputation).

MARS Model of Individual Behavior

  • Situational factors: External influences impacting behavior
  • Values/Personality/Perceptions/Emotions/Attitudes/Stress: Internal characteristics influencing actions.
  • Motivation/Ability/Role perceptions: Core influences in the model.
  • Individual behavior and results: Outcomes of the interactions within the model.

Elements of the MARS Model

  • Motivation: Internal forces driving behavior (direction, intensity, persistence).
  • Ability: Natural aptitudes and learned capabilities needed for task completion (includes skills and knowledge).
  • Role perceptions: Understanding required behaviors to reach desired outcomes (understanding tasks, their importance, preferred methods).

MARS - Role Perceptions

  • Desired results rely on an understanding of required behaviors to achieve outcomes.
  • Individuals comprehend tasks and prioritize them based on importance of each behavior.
  • Importance of understanding expected actions for successful performance.
    • A discussion on the BoG Governor's role during the banking crisis.

MARS - Situational Factors

  • Environmental factors beyond immediate control (time, people, budget, work facilities).
  • These constraint or support individual performance.

The Basic Psychological Model

  • The Person: Skills and abilities, personality, perceptions, values, ethics.
  • The Environment: Organization, work group, job, personal life.
  • Behavior
    • Interaction between these factors form individual behavior.

Personality - Nature vs. Nurture

  • Personality is a stable set of characteristics.
  • Heredity (nature) explains roughly 50% of behavior tendencies and 30% of temperament.
  • Socialization and life experiences (nurture) also shape personality.
  • Personality develops and stabilizes throughout adolescence.

Theories of Personality

  • Trait theory: Identifies observable traits to understand individuals (e.g., Myers-Briggs).
  • Psychodynamic theory: Focuses on unconscious determinants of behavior.
  • Humanistic theory: Highlights self-efficacy, growth and improvement (e.g., Carl Rogers, Albert Bandura).
  • Social cognitive theory: Examines locus of control as a factor in personality. (Julian Rotter)

How is Personality Measured?

  • Projective tests: Assess responses to abstract stimuli (images or words).
  • Behavioral measures: Evaluate personality by observing individuals in controlled situations.
  • Self-report questionnaires: Individuals respond to questions about their traits.
  • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Measures personality based on Jung's theory.

Big Five Personality Traits

  • Extroversion: Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive.
  • Agreeableness: Trusting, good-natured, cooperative, softhearted.
  • Conscientiousness: Dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, persistent.
  • Emotional stability: Relaxed, secure, unworried.
  • Openness to experience: Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-minded.

Five-Factor Personality and OB

  • Extroversion: Linked to sales and management performance, social interaction and persuasion.
  • Agreeableness: Crucial for jobs needing cooperation and helpfulness.
  • Conscientiousness and emotional stability: Strong predictors of performance; motivational components.
  • Openness to experience: Related to higher creativity and adaptability.

Core Self-Evaluations

  • Core Self-Evaluations (CSEs) encompass four positive personality traits: generalized self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability.

Self-Efficacy

  • Self-efficacy: Beliefs about one's ability to accomplish specific tasks effectively.
  • Sources include prior experiences, observing others' success (behavior models), persuasion, and self-assessment.

Self-Esteem

  • Self-esteem: General belief about one's own worth.
  • Factors such as personal achievements and praise enhance self-esteem. Prolonged unemployment or destructive criticism may hinder it.

Locus of Control

  • Locus of control: How much personal responsibility someone takes for their behavior and its results.
  • Internal locus: Individuals believe they control their own outcomes.
  • External locus: Individuals believe their performance is influenced by external factors (e.g., luck, fate).

Emotions

  • Emotions are complex psychological states.
  • Paul Ekman identified six basic emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust). He added to this list.
  • Emotions contain subjective experiences, physiological responses, and behavioral responses.

Emotional Intelligence

  • Emotional intelligence: Ability to monitor and understand one's own and others' emotions.
  • This knowledge guides thoughts and actions.
  • Three components of emotion are subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response

Emotional Stability

  • Individuals with high emotional stability are relaxed, secure, and less prone to negative emotions.
  • Employees with high emotional stability often exhibit superior job performance and organizational citizenship behaviors.

Components of Emotional Intelligence

  • Self-awareness and self-management lead to personal competence.
  • Social awareness and relationship management lead to social competence.

Developing Emotional Intelligence

  • Self-awareness involves understanding one's own emotions and how to use them effectively.
  • Self-management means managing one's emotions and self-control.

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Related Documents

Week 3 - Individual Differences and Behavior PDF

Description

This week's focus in Organizational Behavior delves into how individual factors, such as personality and emotions, affect performance outcomes. Understanding the MARS model and measuring personality types will be key components. Explore the significance of emotional intelligence within various organizational contexts.

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