Introduction to Counseling and Psychotherapy

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the experiment devised by John Darley and Bibb Latané?

Bystander Apathy Experiment

What does the "Bystander Effect" theorize?

  • People are less likely to help in an emergency if they are unfamiliar with the situation.
  • People are less likely to help in an emergency if there are more bystanders. (correct)
  • People are more likely to help in an emergency if there are fewer bystanders.
  • People are more likely to help in an emergency if they know the person in distress.

What famous phrase describes the idea that sharing a problem can ease its burden?

A problem shared is a problem halved

Who developed the concept of Psychoanalysis?

<p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Carl Rogers publish his book "Counseling and Psychotherapy" and introduce the term "counseling"?

<p>1942</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the three individuals credited with outlining Gestalt therapy in the book "Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality"?

<p>Fritz Perls, Paul Goodman, and Ralph Hefferline</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is known for developing the Hierarchy of Needs?

<p>Abraham Maslow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does REBT stand for?

<p>Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed REBT?

<p>Dr. Albert Ellis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the book by Viktor Frankl that provides an existential account of his experience as a prisoner in Nazi concentration camps?

<p>Man's Search for Meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

<p>Aaron Beck</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of therapy is Solution-Focused Therapy?

<p>Future-focused, goal-oriented</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the two key figures associated with Narrative Therapy?

<p>Michael White and David Epston</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the two individuals credited with developing Collaborative Language Systems?

<p>Harlene Anderson and Harry Goolishian</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the early biomedical treatment that involved surgically altering the frontal lobe of the brain?

<p>Lobotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for trephination?

<p>Trepanning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spiritual practices and beliefs hold little significance for healing in many Native American tribes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many Asian and African cultures believe that spiritual concerns and practices are separate from psychological matters.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that therapists should consider when working with clients?

<p>A client's biological condition and spiritual beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The psychosocial perspective emphasizes the idea that human verbal interactions and relationship changes can influence thinking, mood, and behavior.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wise healers from various cultures have historically used only traditional medicine to treat their patients.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are considered forerunners to modern cognitive theory and therapy?

<p>Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) and Roman philosopher Epictetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Islamic scholar is known for making significant contributions to the field of Islamic medicine?

<p>Avicenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

Avicenna believed that psychological disorders are unrelated to biological factors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the diathesis-stress model suggest?

<p>Mental disorders develop when an individual has a vulnerability or predisposition combined with exposure to stressful life events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The smaller the vulnerability, the less life stress is required to produce a disorder.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key defining characteristic of a helping profession?

<p>It nurtures the growth of or addresses the problems of a person's physical, psychological intellectual, emotional or spiritual well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an allied mental health professional group?

<p>Physicians (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychologists are primarily focused on treating individuals with severe mental disturbances.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of a professional helping relationship?

<p>It is established between two or more people for the purposes of giving and receiving help.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Bystander Effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a distressed person when others are present.

Freud's Psychoanalysis

A method developed by Freud focused on exploring unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Roger's Client-Centered Therapy

Therapeutic approach emphasizing the client's perspective and personal growth.

Gestalt Therapy

A therapy that focuses on awareness and integrating different aspects of the self.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational theory proposed by Maslow, depicting a hierarchy of human needs.

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REBT

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, focuses on changing irrational beliefs.

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Logotherapy

Existential therapy developed by Frankl, focused on finding meaning in life.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A therapy that addresses negative thinking patterns to improve emotional well-being.

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Solution-Focused Therapy

A goal-oriented therapy that emphasizes solutions rather than problems.

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Narrative Therapy

A therapeutic approach that views people's lives as stories and encourages re-authoring these stories.

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Collaborative Language Systems

A therapy that emphasizes how language shapes understanding and relationships.

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Lobotomy

A surgical procedure that involves cutting connections in the brain’s frontal lobe, historically used for severe mental disorders.

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Trephination

An ancient surgical procedure that involves drilling into the skull.

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A medical treatment that induces seizures to relieve severe mental health conditions.

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Drug Therapy

Treatment of psychological disorders through medication.

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Spiritual Perspective in Counseling

Involves considering clients' spiritual beliefs in therapy.

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Psychosocial Perspective

Approach that highlights the interaction of psychological and social factors.

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Diathesis-Stress Model

Theory suggesting mental disorders arise from a combination of vulnerability and stressors.

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Helping Relationship

A professional relationship established for providing help and support.

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Helping Profession

Fields that focus on improving the well-being of individuals, such as therapy or education.

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Social Workers

Professionals who provide support and therapy relating to social structures and problems.

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Family Therapists

Therapists who address issues within family systems and dynamics.

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Pastoral Care

Support offered through religious or spiritual contexts combined with community service.

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Psychiatrists

Medical doctors specializing in diagnosing and treating mental disorders with medication and therapy.

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Counselors

Therapists working with clients facing personal or developmental issues.

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Psychologists

Professionals who diagnose and treat severe mental illnesses and disturbances.

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Avicenna

A medieval scholar known for integrating physical and psychological factors in medicine.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Counseling

  • John Darley and Bibb Latané created the Bystander Apathy Experiment
  • The bystander effect suggests that distressed individuals are less likely to receive help when multiple bystanders are present.
  • Early humans shared experiences and dreams to overcome problems
  • Freud developed psychoanalysis in the late 1800s
  • Rogers introduced counseling and client-centered therapy in the 1940s.
  • Perls, Goodman, and Hefferline developed Gestalt therapy in the 1950s
  • Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a famous humanistic psychology concept

Significant Milestones in Counseling and Psychotherapy

  • Tribal times: Sharing experiences and dreams
  • 1885/86: Freud opened a private practice and developed psychoanalysis
  • 1942: Rogers published "Counseling and Psychotherapy"
  • 1951: Gestalt therapy was founded
  • 1954: Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs
  • 1955: REBT, a form of cognitive behavioral therapy, was developed by Albert Ellis

The Biomedical Perspective

  • Lobotomy: Early psychosurgery, destroying brain connections to reduce emotional disturbance.
  • Trephination: The oldest surgical treatment, drilling a hole into the skull.
  • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): A procedure that uses electric currents to cause seizures to treat certain mental health issues.

The Religious/Spiritual Perspective

  • Clergy, shamans, and spiritual leaders have offered advice for centuries
  • Spiritual authority and spiritual practices hold a strong place for many cultures
  • Cultural or religious influences often play a role in mental concerns

The Psychosocial Perspective

  • Human verbal interactions and relationships affect moods and behaviors
  • Ancient healers used similar psychological techniques.
  • Philosophers like Buddha, and Epictetus, and Avicenna, explored psychological approaches.

Diathesis-Stress Model

  • A mental disorder arises when an individual has a predisposition combined with environmental stress.
  • Diathesis includes genetic vulnerability and susceptibility.
  • Environmental events cause and trigger the disorder.

Allied Mental Health Professional Groups

  • Social Workers assist with social structures
  • Family Therapists address family issues
  • Pastoral Care providers focus on religious and spiritual aspects of treatment
  • Psychiatrists deal with significant disorders, with medication and therapy
  • Counselors help people with normal daily functioning problems
  • Psychologists address psychological disorders and symptoms

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