Introduction to Counseling PDF

. INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES Introduction to Counseling John Darley and Bibb Latané – devised an experiment called the ‘Bystander Apathy Experiment’. Bystander effect – theorizes that in the faces of emergency, the distressed pe...

. INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES Introduction to Counseling John Darley and Bibb Latané – devised an experiment called the ‘Bystander Apathy Experiment’. Bystander effect – theorizes that in the faces of emergency, the distressed person is less likely to be offered help if there are multiple onlookers present. Significant milestones in the history of Counselling and psychotherapy: Tribal times- people would come together in a group and share their experiences and sometimes their dreams. “A problem shared is a problem halved.” 1885/6 – Freud returned to Vienna, opened a private practice specializing in nervous and brain disorders, and married. He went on to develop Psychoanalysis (1896) 1942 – Rogers published his book Counseling and Psychotherapy, in which he first introduced the term counseling and outlined the principles of his client-centered approach. 1951 – Fritz Perls, Paul Goodman, and Ralph Hefferline outlined Gestalt therapy in the book, Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality. 1954 – Abraham Maslow helped to found Humanistic psychology and later developed his famous Hierarchy of Needs. 1955 - REBT is the pioneering form of cognitive behavior therapy developed by Dr. Albert Ellis. REBT is an action-oriented approach to managing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances. DML 1. INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES 1959 –Viktor Frankl published the English edition of his book, Man's Search for Meaning, which provided an existential account of his experiences as a prisoner in Nazi concentration camps during World War II. The book also outlines an existential approach to counselling known as Logotherapy. 1960s- Aaron Beck developed Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) suggesting that in terms of depression the way we think contributes to our emotional well-being. late 1970s- Solution-Focused Therapy is a future-focused, goal-oriented approach which helps clients replace problems for solutions. American researchers Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg developed the theory 1980s -Narrative Therapy was developed by Michael White and David Epston who proposed that cultural influences and unconscious processes shape human behavior. 1980s - Collaborative Language systems were developed by Harlene Anderson Harry Goolishian. They propose the client works through their difficulties in the conversations they have with the therapist. The Biomedical Perspective Lobotomy One of the earliest modern forms of somatogenic or biomedical treatments was the use of lobotomy. Lobotomy is a form of psychosurgery in which parts of the frontal lobe of the brain are destroyed or their connections to other parts of the brain severed. The procedure was formerly used as a radical therapeutic measure to help grossly disturbed patients with schizophrenia, manic depression and mania (bipolar disorder), and other mental illnesses. Trephination Also known as trepanning, trepanation or burr holing, is one of the oldest surgical procedures known to humanity and refers to a surgical procedure in which a circular piece of bone is drilled and excised, most commonly from the human skull. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Is a procedure done under general anesthesia. During this procedure, small electric currents pass through the brain, intentionally causing a brief seizure. ECT seems to change brain chemistry, and these changes can quickly improve symptoms of certain mental health conditions. Drug Therapy DML 2. INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES The Religious/Spiritual Perspective The clergy, shamans, mystics, monks, elders, and other religious and spiritual leaders have been sought for advice and counsel over the centuries. For many Native American tribes, spiritual authority and spiritual practices still hold as much or more salience for healing than do most forms of counseling or psychotherapy (D. Wetsit, personal communication December 17, 2001). The same holds true for many native or indigenous people, as well as those of Western European descent who have strongly held religious commitments. Many Asian and African cultures also believe that spiritual concerns and practices are intricately related to psychological matters. We readily acknowledge the healing potential in spiritual practices and beliefs. Religious and spiritual leaders often have great wisdom, compassion, and insight into the human condition. Any therapist worth his or her salt will take into account a client’s biological condition and spiritual beliefs and concerns when providing treatment. Of course, therapists will vary in the relative weight they give to these dimensions. But the task at hand is to understand the theories of psychotherapy and counseling that draw primarily from the psychosocial perspective. The Psychosocial Perspective Since time immemorial, it was understood that human verbal interactions and relationship alterations can change thinking patterns, mood, and behavior. At the very least, we know that for centuries wise healers from many cultures and traditions used psychological and relational techniques that, upon close inspection, look very familiar to current theoretically driven strategies for helping people with psychological change and healing. Siddhartha Gautama “Buddha” (563–483 A.D.) forebears to contemporary cognitive theory and and Roman philosopher Epictetus (50–138..) therapy. Avicenna (980–1037 A.D.) a great figure in Islamic medicine. Less cited figure in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Although Avicenna made advances in pharmacology and in clinical practice, his greatest contribution was probably in the philosophy of medicine. He created a system of medicine that today we would call “holistic” and in which physical and psychological factors, drugs, and diet were combined in treating patients. DML 3. INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES Avicenna talked about psychological disorders and believed that melancholia is a disorder where one becomes suspicious and is usually mixed with certain types of phobias. Diathesis-stress model- The model suggests that a mental disorder develops when an individual has a vulnerability or predisposition combined with exposure to stressful life events. DML 4. INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES The professional helping relationship in its generic form is a relationship established between two or more people for the purposes of people giving and receiving help. Helping Profession - A profession that nurtures the growth of or addresses the problems of a person's physical, psychological, intellectual, emotional or spiritual well-being. This includes medicine, nursing, psychotherapy, psychological counseling, social work, education, life coaching and ministry. Allied Mental Health Professional Groups Social Workers - Social casework and therapy to mediate relationships with social structures like schools, agencies, and health care facilities. Family Therapists - Systemic approach to diagnosing and treating problems in a family context. Extensive use of more active/directive interventions to realign family structures. Pastoral Care - An approach to helping that is embedded in religious, spiritual, or ministerial work, combining theology with community service. Psychiatrists - Medical management of patients with clinically significant psychological problems; use of medication, hospitalization, and therapy to restore normal functioning. Counselors - Therapeutic interventions with relatively normal functioning clients who are experiencing adjustment reactions, developmental issues, and problems of daily living including career, education, family, personal, and esteem issues. Psychologists - Diagnosis, treatment, and clinical management of persons with psychopathological symptoms and other severe mental disturbances. Prepared by: Donald M. Laxamana, RPm Psychology Instructor References: Corey, G. (2018). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 10th ed. Singapore: Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning, 2013 Sangganjanavanich, V. F., & Reynolds, C. A. (2015). Introduction to Professional Counseling. Sage Publications. DML 5. INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhfreu.html#:~:text=In%201886%2C%20Freu d%20returned%20to,and%20brain%20disorders%2C%20and%20married. https://achology.com/psychology/carl-rogers-person-centered-counseling/ https://positivepsychology.com/gestalt- therapy/#:~:text=Gestalt%20Therapy%3A%20Excitement%20and%20Growth,describing%20gest alt%20theory%20and%20practice. https://www.verywellmind.com/biography-of-abraham-maslow-1908-1970-2795524 https://albertellis.org/rebt-cbt- therapy/#:~:text=REBT%20is%20the%20pioneering%20form,%2C%20emotional%2C%20and%2 0behavioral%20disturbances. https://www.beacon.org/Assets/ClientPages/MansSearchForMeaningtg.aspx https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470241/#:~:text=In%20the%201960s%2C%20 Aaron%20Beck,(CBT)%20or%20cognitive%20therapy. https://narrativetherapycentre.com/about/#:~:text=In%20the%201980's%20Michael,ma ny%20contexts%20around%20the%20world. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-solution-focused-brief-therapy- 2337728#:~:text=Spouses%20Steve%20de%20Shazer%20and,focus%20on%20a%20client's%20 past. https://www.britannica.com/science/lobotomy https://www.osmosis.org/answers/trephination https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/electroconvulsive-therapy/about/pac- 20393894#:~:text=Overview,of%20certain%20mental%20health%20conditions. Additional Readings: 1. De Jesus, Evangeline M. Counseling Psychology, 1st ed. Ermita, Manila: Educational Publishing House, 2006 2. Jones, Richard N. Essential Counseling and Therapy Skills: The Skilled Model. Great Britain: Sage Publication, 2002. 3. Kotler, J A. & Shepard, D S. (2018). Introduction to Counseling: Voices from the Field, 6th ed. USA: Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning, 2008. DML 6. INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES 4. Sharf, Richard S. Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling, 4th ed. USA: Thomson Brooks/Cole , 2008. 5. Smith, V., Collard, P., & Bayne, R. Key Concepts in Counselling and Psychotherapy, U,K: University Press, 2012. 6. Villar, Imelda V.G. Implementing a Comprehensive Guidance and Counseling Program in the Philippines. Makati City: Aligned Transformations Publications, 2008 7. Williams, Lee et al. Essential Assessment Skills for Couple and Family Therapists, New York: Guilford Press, 2011. DML 7