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Questions and Answers
Which component is NOT part of the circulatory system?
Which component is NOT part of the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of the muscular system?
What is the primary function of the muscular system?
How do the respiratory systems of humans and bullfrogs differ?
How do the respiratory systems of humans and bullfrogs differ?
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive system?
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive system?
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Which of the following statements is part of the cell theory?
Which of the following statements is part of the cell theory?
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What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?
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What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?
What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?
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Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
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What is a primary characteristic of cancer cells?
What is a primary characteristic of cancer cells?
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Which organ system is primarily responsible for transporting nutrients and waste products in the body?
Which organ system is primarily responsible for transporting nutrients and waste products in the body?
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During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?
During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?
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What adaptation do specialized cells, such as nerve cells and muscle cells, primarily rely on?
What adaptation do specialized cells, such as nerve cells and muscle cells, primarily rely on?
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Study Notes
Cells Introduction
- Living things are made of one or more cells.
- Cells need energy to function.
- Cells grow, develop, and reproduce.
- Cells respond to stimuli in their environment.
- Cells maintain homeostasis, or internal balance.
- Cells can evolve over time.
Cell Theory
- All living organisms are made of one or more cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Organelles
- Cell Membrane: Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell.
- Nucleus: Contains DNA and controls cell activities.
- Mitochondria: Produces energy through cellular respiration.
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Processes and transports proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER).
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
- Lysosomes: Break down waste and cellular debris.
- Chloroplasts (plant cells only): Site of photosynthesis.
- Vacuole: Stores nutrients and waste; large in plant cells.
- Cell Wall (plant cells only): Provides structure and support.
Cell Cycle
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Interphase: Cell grows and prepares for division.
- G1 Phase: Cell grows and carries out normal functions.
- S Phase: DNA replication occurs.
- G2 Phase: Cell prepares for mitosis.
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Mitosis: Division of the nucleus.
- Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
- Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
Specialized Cells
- Cells perform specific functions (e.g., nerve cells, red blood cells, muscle cells).
- Adaptations (like shape or organelle abundance) help them perform these specific roles.
Cancer Cells
- Uncontrolled cell division due to mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle.
- Can form tumors and invade surrounding tissues.
Cancer Prevention and Detection
- Prevention: Healthy diet, exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive sun exposure.
- Detection: Regular screenings (e.g., mammograms, colonoscopies), self-exams, and awareness of warning signs.
Organ Systems
- Circulatory System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. (Heart, blood vessels, blood)
- Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out). (Lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli).
- Digestive System: Breaks down food into nutrients for energy, growth, and repair. (Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas)
- Endocrine System: Produces hormones to regulate body functions (glands).
- Lymphatic System: Maintains fluid balance and supports immune defense.
- Muscular System: Enables movement and maintains posture.
- Nervous System: Controls body activities through electrical signals (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
- Reproductive System: Produces gametes and supports reproduction.
- Skeletal system: Provides structure, support, and protection, enables movement
- Plant Organ Systems: (Root system and shoot system)
Plant Organ Systems
- Root System: Absorbs water and nutrients; anchors the plant.
- Shoot System: Includes stems, leaves, and flowers; supports photosynthesis and reproduction.
Lab Section/Dissection Diagrams
- Practice identifying and labeling structures in dissection specimens (e.g., heart, lungs, stomach).
Human vs. Bullfrog Anatomy
- Respiratory system: Humans rely solely on lungs; bullfrogs use both lungs and skin.
- Heart: Humans have a four-chambered heart, bullfrogs have a three-chambered heart.
- Digestive System: Similar structures, but bullfrogs often have shorter intestines.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of cell biology with this quiz covering cell structure, types of organelles, and the principles of cell theory. Test your knowledge about cellular functions and the features that make cells the building blocks of life.
