Biology Chapter: Cell Theory and Structure
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary conclusion made by Rudolph Virchow regarding cells?

  • All cells have membranes.
  • Cells are not considered to be living organisms.
  • All cells come from other pre-existing cells. (correct)
  • Cells can arise from non-living materials.

Which scientist is credited with the discovery of the nucleus?

  • Robert Hooke
  • Robert Brown (correct)
  • Matthias Schleiden
  • Theodor Schwann

What is NOT a component that all cells have?

  • Ribosomes
  • Plasma membrane
  • Chloroplasts (correct)
  • Cytoplasm

Which statement best describes the concept of spontaneous generation?

<p>Life can come from something non-living. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first to recognize that all plants are made up of cells?

<p>Matthias Schleiden (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

<p>To control what passes in and out of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance and function of the nuclear lamina?

<p>It gives structure and stability to the nuclear membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for making ribosome subunits?

<p>Nucleolus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the nuclear envelope consist of?

<p>A double membrane with nuclear pores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the nucleoplasm located?

<p>Inside the nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?

<p>To facilitate cell recognition and signaling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the arrangement of microtubules in centrioles?

<p>9+0 arrangement in triplets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components of the endomembrane system?

<p>Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two organelles are known to have their own DNA and ribosomes?

<p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom is part of the Eukarya domain?

<p>Fungi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Louis Pasteur's Swan Neck Flask Experiment?

<p>It disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cells would you expect to find a cell wall?

<p>Plant and bacterial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to prokaryotic cells?

<p>Absence of a true nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of prokaryotic cells?

<p>Lack of internal membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which domain includes organisms with a true nucleus?

<p>Eukarya (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a kingdom within the domain Eukarya?

<p>Eubacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'karyote' refer to in the context of cell types?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a prokaryotic cell?

<p>It is simpler in structure compared to eukaryotic cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cytoplasm in a cell?

<p>To provide a medium for chemical reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for muscle contraction?

<p>Actin filaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are spindle fibers composed of?

<p>Microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chromatin made up of?

<p>Long strands of DNA and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are ribosomes primarily assembled within a cell?

<p>In the nucleolus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

<p>Synthesis and modification of proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

<p>It helps in the synthesis of membrane lipids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of vacuoles in plant cells?

<p>Storage of cell sap (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the contractile vacuole perform in unicellular protists?

<p>Regulation of water intake and homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is correct?

<p>The rough ER and smooth ER serve different functions in the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mitochondria primarily serve in the cell?

<p>Generating cellular energy (ATP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compartments is NOT part of the mitochondrial structure?

<p>Cytosol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural arrangement of centrioles during cell division?

<p>9 + 0 arrangement of rods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure contains its own DNA?

<p>Mitochondrion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about mitochondria is incorrect?

<p>They synthesize proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) play in the endomembrane system?

<p>Protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transport vesicles in the endomembrane system?

<p>Carry materials between organelles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily responsible for allowing materials to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?

<p>Nuclear Pores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances are produced by the endomembrane system?

<p>Glycoproteins and lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cilia in a cell?

<p>To move small particles across the cell surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is characterized by a '9 + 2' arrangement?

<p>Cilia and flagella (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lysosomes play in a cell?

<p>To break down food and worn-out cell parts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do flagella differ from cilia?

<p>Flagella move in a whip-like fashion and are longer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the process of apoptosis involving lysosomes?

<p>Release of hydrolytic enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do chloroplasts serve in plant cells?

<p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding chloroplasts?

<p>Chloroplasts have their own DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of free-floating ribosomes in a cell?

<p>They synthesize proteins that remain within the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is energy stored in chloroplasts after photosynthesis?

<p>As carbohydrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to chloroplasts compared to ribosomes?

<p>Presence of three membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Theory

A fundamental principle in biology stating that: 1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of life. 3. New cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Cell Types

There are two main types of cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are simpler with no nucleus. Eukaryotes are more complex with a nucleus.

Robert Hooke

A scientist who in 1665 observed thin slices of cork under a microscope and coined the term "cell" based on their box-like appearance.

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

A Dutch scientist who in 1673 designed powerful microscopes that allowed him to observe living things in greater detail than ever before.

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What is the nucleus?

A crucial organelle found inside eukaryotic cells, responsible for storing and protecting the cell's genetic material (DNA).

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Prokaryotic Cell

A simple cell lacking a true nucleus and internal membrane-bound organelles.

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Eukaryotic Cell

A complex cell containing a true nucleus and internal membrane-bound organelles.

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Domains

Broadest categories in the classification of life, encompassing all organisms.

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Bacteria

A domain of prokaryotic cells that are diverse and abundant in various environments.

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Eukarya

A domain of organisms with eukaryotic cells, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

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Cell Membrane

The thin layer that surrounds a cell and controls what goes in and out. It's made of phospholipids and proteins.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell. It contains DNA and directs cell activities.

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Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, similar to the cell membrane.

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Nuclear Pores

Tiny holes in the nuclear envelope that allow molecules to pass through.

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Nucleolus

The site where ribosomes are made. It's inside the nucleus.

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What are the three Domains of life?

The three Domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. These are the broadest classifications in the biological hierarchy.

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What are the four Kingdoms within Domain Eukarya?

The four Kingdoms within Domain Eukarya are Protista, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. These Kingdoms group organisms with similar characteristics.

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What is the order of classification from broadest to most specific?

The classification hierarchy goes from Domain to Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. This system helps organize and understand the diversity of life.

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What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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What is the function of the plasma membrane?

The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that controls what enters and exits the cell. It acts as a barrier and regulates transport.

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What is the endomembrane system?

The endomembrane system is a network of interconnected membranes that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids within the cell.

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What is the difference between proteins produced on free ribosomes vs attached ribosomes?

Proteins produced on free ribosomes typically function within the cytoplasm. Proteins produced on attached ribosomes are destined for the endomembrane system, secretion, or other organelles.

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What is the role of mitochondria and chloroplasts in the cell?

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for ATP production. Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and carry out photosynthesis converting light energy into chemical energy.

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What is Chromatin?

Non-dividing chromosomes, long strands of DNA containing genes, form chromatids, two chromatids create a chromosome. Located in the nucleus.

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What are Ribosomes?

Small particles dispersed throughout the nucleus, made of proteins and RNA, transported through nuclear pores into cytoplasm.

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Function of Cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid that fills the cell, suspends all inner components, composed of water and salt, gives the cell shape, supports cell activity.

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What is the Cytoskeleton?

Provides structure, shape and stability to the cell, allows for movement, made of actin, tublin, and intermediate filaments.

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What are Histones?

Proteins that DNA wraps around tightly, organizing and condensing DNA within the nucleus.

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What are cytoplasmic organelles?

Structures within the cell that are enclosed by a membrane, such as the nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes.

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What is the function of mitochondria?

Mitochondria are responsible for generating cellular energy (ATP) through cellular respiration, burning glucose, and are more abundant in active cells.

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What are the major components of a mitochondrion?

Mitochondria are made of an outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, cristae space, and matrix.

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What are centrioles?

Centrioles are paired structures made of tubulin proteins found in animal cells during cell division, they help to pull chromosome pairs apart.

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What is the structure of a centriole?

Centrioles have a unique structure with 9 rods arranged in a circle outside of the center.

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What are cilia?

Short, hair-like structures that move in a beat-like fashion, often found in large numbers on cells. They help move fluids or particles across the cell surface.

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What are flagella?

Long, whip-like structures used for cell movement. They are usually found in fewer numbers than cilia.

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What is the structure of cilia and flagella?

Cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 2 structure, with nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair.

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What do lysosomes do?

Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They break down food, bacteria, and worn-out cell parts.

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How do lysosomes contribute to cell death?

Lysosomes play a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death) by releasing their hydrolytic enzymes, which break down the cell's components.

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What is the ER?

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of interconnected membrane-bound sacs and tubules found in eukaryotic cells. It plays a crucial role in the synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular products.

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What is rough ER?

Rough ER is a region of the ER with ribosomes attached to its surface. These ribosomes synthesize proteins that are destined for secretion, membrane integration, or specific organelles.

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What is smooth ER?

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is responsible for various functions including lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium regulation.

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What is a vacuole?

A vacuole is a fluid-filled sac that serves as a storage compartment in cells. It can store substances like water, nutrients, waste products, and pigments.

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What are the types of vacuoles?

There are several types of vacuoles: central vacuoles in plants, food vacuoles in animals, and contractile vacuoles in protists. Each type has specific functions.

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What is the role of the nuclear envelope?

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. It acts as a protective barrier and regulates the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

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How does the rough ER differ from the smooth ER?

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes, which are involved in protein synthesis. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes and is primarily involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids. It receives proteins from the ER and then directs them to their final destinations.

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What are chloroplasts?

Organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy.

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What are transport vesicles and what is their role?

Transport vesicles are small, membrane-bound sacs that bud off from the ER and Golgi apparatus. They carry proteins and lipids to other organelles within the cell.

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Why do chloroplasts have their own DNA?

Chloroplasts are thought to have originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancient eukaryotic cells. They retained their own DNA, separate from the cell's nucleus, as a result of this endosymbiotic relationship.

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What are the possible destinations of proteins synthesized by the ER?

Proteins made in the ER can be destined for various locations, including the cell membrane, secretion outside the cell, lysosomes, other organelles, or remaining within the cytoplasm.

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What do free-floating ribosomes make?

Free-floating ribosomes create proteins that function within the cytoplasm or other organelles within the cell.

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Why aren't chloroplasts found in animal cells?

Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, the process of converting light energy into chemical energy. Animal cells do not perform photosynthesis and therefore don't need chloroplasts.

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How are chloroplasts different from other organelles?

Chloroplasts have three membranes, their own DNA, and ribosomes, suggesting they were once independent bacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells. They are involved in energy production.

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