Grade 10 Biology Study Guide PDF

Grade 10 Biology Study Guide Cells Introduction Features of Living Things - Made up of one or more cells. - Require energy to function. - Grow, develop, and reproduce. - Respond to stimuli in their environment. - Maintain homeostasis (internal balance). - Can evolve over time as a species....

Grade 10 Biology Study Guide Cells Introduction Features of Living Things - Made up of one or more cells. - Require energy to function. - Grow, develop, and reproduce. - Respond to stimuli in their environment. - Maintain homeostasis (internal balance). - Can evolve over time as a species. Cell Theory 1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. Organelles - Cell Membrane: Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. - Nucleus: Contains DNA and controls cell activities. - Mitochondria: Produces energy through cellular respiration. - Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins. - Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth): Processes and transports proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER). - Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins. - Lysosomes: Break down waste and cellular debris. - Chloroplasts (plant cells only): Site of photosynthesis. - Vacuole: Stores nutrients and waste; large central vacuole in plant cells. - Cell Wall (plant cells only): Provides structure and support. Cell Cycle Stages of the Cell Cycle 1. Interphase: Cell grows and prepares for division. - G1 Phase: Cell grows and carries out normal functions. - S Phase: DNA replication occurs. - G2 Phase: Cell prepares for mitosis. 2. Mitosis: Division of the nucleus (see below). 3. Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. Stages of Mitosis 1. Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form. 2. Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the center of the cell. 3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles. 4. Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform around separated chromatids, now individual chromosomes. Specialized Cells - Cells that perform specific functions (e.g., nerve cells, red blood cells, muscle cells). - Adaptations such as shape or organelle abundance help them perform their roles effectively. Cancer Cells - Uncontrolled cell division due to mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle. - Can form tumors and invade surrounding tissues. Cancer Prevention and Detection - Prevention: Healthy diet, regular exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive sun exposure. - Detection: Regular screenings (e.g., mammograms, colonoscopies), self-exams, awareness of warning signs. Organ Systems Circulatory System - Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. - Key Components: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. Respiratory System - Function: Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out). - Key Components: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli. Digestive System - Function: Breaks down food into nutrients for energy, growth, and repair. - Key Components: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas. Other Systems - Endocrine: Produces hormones to regulate body functions (glands like the thyroid and adrenal glands). - Lymphatic: Helps maintain fluid balance and supports immune defense. - Muscular: Enables movement and maintains posture. - Nervous: Controls body activities through electrical signals (brain, spinal cord, nerves). - Reproductive: Produces gametes and supports reproduction. - Skeletal: Provides structure, support, and protection; enables movement. Plant Organ Systems - Root System: Absorbs water and nutrients; anchors the plant. - Shoot System: Includes stems, leaves, and flowers; supports photosynthesis and reproduction. Lab Section Dissection Diagrams - Practice identifying and labeling major structures in dissection specimens (e.g., heart, lungs, stomach). Differences Between Human and Bullfrog Anatomy - Respiratory System: Humans rely solely on lungs, while bullfrogs can use both lungs and skin for respiration. - Heart: Humans have a four-chambered heart, while bullfrogs have a three-chambered heart. - Digestive System: Similar structures, but bullfrogs often have shorter intestines due to diet differences. Tip: Focus on understanding the functional significance of these anatomical differences.