Interpersonal Attraction and Relationships
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes a secure attachment style?

  • Fear of abandonment
  • Discomfort with closeness
  • Comfort with closeness (correct)
  • Fear of rejection

    • Which strategy is most effective when playing hard to get?

  • Being selectively unavailable while showing interest to specific individuals (correct)
  • Pretending to ignore those who show interest
  • Making oneself completely unavailable
  • Showing consistent interest to everyone

    • How does contrast theory influence perceptions of attractiveness?

  • Attractiveness affects self-esteem only when viewed in isolation
  • Seeing more attractive individuals can diminish the perceived attractiveness of others (correct)
  • Perceived beauty is independent of social context
  • Lower attractiveness of peers has no effect on self-esteem

    • What does the cheerleader effect imply about group dynamics?

    <p>Group settings enhance perceived individual attractiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does wearing red often signify in terms of attractiveness, according to studies?

    <p>Higher attractiveness linked to perceptions of fertility and health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of being in the company of more attractive individuals?

    <p>Feelings of low self-esteem and inadequacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the behavior associated with avoidant attachment?

    <p>Discomfort with emotional closeness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the perceived attractiveness of individuals in a group, according to the cheerleader effect?

    <p>Perceived social traits like kindness and friendliness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary influence on initial interpersonal attraction?

    <p>Proximity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the self-fulfilling prophecy affect interpersonal interactions?

    <p>By influencing behavior based on perceptions of attractiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cultures is equity in relationships particularly emphasized?

    <p>Individualistic cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Social Exchange Theory suggest regarding relationships?

    <p>Individuals evaluate relationships based on rewards and costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when individuals perceive their relationship as having low satisfaction?

    <p>They may choose to leave if high alternatives are available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do comparison levels play in relationship satisfaction?

    <p>They reflect expectations and influence relationship evaluations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential outcome of believing someone is unattractive?

    <p>More negative interaction with that person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about rewards and costs in relationships?

    <p>Both must be evaluated to gauge satisfaction and decisions in relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factors determine commitment in relationships according to the Investment Model?

    <p>Satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and investments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of love is characterized by trust and shared interests, often experienced with friends and family?

    <p>Companionate Love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does satisfaction influence commitment in relationships?

    <p>By enhancing the rewards and costs perceived in the relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of love involves caring for others' needs and is akin to a parent's care for a child?

    <p>Compassionate Love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the quality of alternatives is true?

    <p>Fewer alternative partners enhance commitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prosocial behavior can often be motivated by which of the following?

    <p>An impulse to gain personal rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary characteristic defines romantic love?

    <p>Intense emotion and sexual desire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of relationship investments, which of the following is considered an investment?

    <p>Time, effort, and shared experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is prosocial behavior primarily driven by?

    <p>A combination of altruistic motives and self-interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average amount donated anonymously in the 1975 donation experiment?

    <p>$5.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motive most closely aligns with helping others to alleviate one's own discomfort?

    <p>Personal distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to equity theory, satisfaction in relationships is derived from what?

    <p>Equal contributions by both partners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the social exchange theory focus on in relationships?

    <p>Maximizing rewards and minimizing costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a reason people engage in altruistic behavior?

    <p>Avoidance of personal responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of altruism during the COVID-19 pandemic, which behavior is illustrated?

    <p>Selflessly helping those in need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept suggests that people prefer partners similar in attractiveness?

    <p>Matching hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences an individual's decision to stay or leave a relationship?

    <p>Comparison levels and alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an individual perceives costs to outweigh rewards in a relationship?

    <p>They may consider leaving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the empathy-altruism hypothesis suggest?

    <p>Empathy fosters a desire to enhance someone else's welfare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario might pluralistic ignorance occur?

    <p>In ambiguous situations where others seem calm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can individuals counteract the effects of pluralistic ignorance?

    <p>By expressing their need for help clearly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the likelihood of staying in a relationship?

    <p>High commitment and investment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mood influence helping behavior?

    <p>A person's mood can significantly enhance their likelihood to help.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do rewards play in relationship satisfaction?

    <p>Satisfaction derives from rewards outweighing costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a positive mood influence helping behavior?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of helping others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does finding money have on a person's mood and behavior?

    <p>It can elevate mood and increase the propensity to help.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the negative-state relief hypothesis?

    <p>Engaging in helping behavior can alleviate negative emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Nancy Steeplay's analysis of urban and rural helping behavior reveal?

    <p>Strangers are more likely to be helped in rural communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is associated with lower levels of altruistic behavior?

    <p>Urban environments with high levels of stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the negative-state relief hypothesis?

    <p>Someone donates money after being reminded of their past mistakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major difference in altruistic behavior between urban and rural settings according to the studies reviewed?

    <p>Rural areas have higher helping rates due to strong ties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Coin Finding Experiment, what was the primary discovery regarding participants who found money?

    <p>They exhibited more willingness to assist someone in need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Interpersonal Attraction

    • What causes attraction?
      • MIT Westgate West Study: proximity facilitates chance encounters, leading to friendships.
      • Functional distance (building layout): can enhance or hinder interactions.

    Types of Relationships

    • Communal relationships:
      • Involve special responsibility for one another.
      • Often long-term.
    • Exchange relationships:
      • Trade-based, short-term.
      • Governed by equity and reciprocity.

    Reciprocity

    • Mutual liking increases attraction likelihood.
    • Reciprocity involves shared interests and personal liking.
    • Positive feedback loop: mutual liking and shared interests reinforce bonds.

    Evolutionary Theory and Mate Selection

    • Men: prioritize youth and physical attractiveness in mates.
    • Women: prioritize resources and status in mates.
    • Evolutionary psychology: men and women have different mate preferences due to reproductive roles, seeking youth/beauty (men) and resources/status (women).

    Implicit Personality Theory (Halo Effect)

    • Attractive people are often assumed to have positive qualities beyond their appearance.
    • This effect varies across cultures, emphasizing different traits.
    • Attributing positive characteristics (intelligence, social skills) to attractive individuals.

    Attachment Styles

    • Secure attachment: comfort with intimacy and dependence.
    • Avoidant attachment: discomfort with closeness and dependence.
    • Anxious-ambivalent attachment: fear of rejection and abandonment.
    • Disorganized attachment: unpredictable caregiver responses.
    • Attachment styles are developed based on early caregiver interactions.

    Hard-to-Get

    • Playing hard to get creates scarcity, increasing perceived value.
    • Selective application: making exceptions enhances desirability.

    Contrast Effect

    • Perceived attractiveness is relative, influenced by surroundings.
    • Seeing someone less attractive can make an average person seem more attractive.
    • Conversely, seeing someone more attractive can make others seem less attractive.

    Cheerleader Effect

    • Being in a group enhances perceived attractiveness.
    • Assumptions about social traits (e.g., kindness, friendliness) contribute to this effect.

    The Color Red

    • Men rate women wearing red as more attractive.
    • Linked to evolutionary signals of fertility and health.
    • Red clothing enhances perceived attractiveness due to fertility associations.

    Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

    • Perceptions of attractiveness affect individual interactions.
    • Men and women exhibit different behaviors based on their beliefs about the other person's attractiveness.

    Equity Theory

    • Equity achieved when both partners receive what they contribute to the relationship.
    • Individualistic cultures value equity, collectivist cultures might tolerate imbalances.

    Social Exchange Theory

    • People prefer relationships where rewards exceed costs.
    • Comparison level: expectations from a relationship.
    • Comparison level for alternatives: considering potential other relationships.

    Comparison Levels & Investment Model

    • Comparison levels & alternatives influence decisions to stay or leave a relationship.
    • High satisfaction, commitment & investment increase likelihood of staying.
    • Low satisfaction, investment, and high alternatives increase likelihood of leaving.
    • Investment Model (Carol Rusbolt): Satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and investment affect commitment.

    Types of Love

    • Companionate Love: trust and shared interests, often with friends and family.
    • Compassionate Love: focusing on needs of others.
    • Romantic Love: characterized by intense emotion and sexual desire.

    Prosocial Behavior

    • Act of helping others.
    • Motivated by desire for self-esteem or empathy.
    • Influence of positive or negative moods on helping behavior.

    Altruism

    • Sacrificing for the welfare of others.

    Urban Overload Hypothesis

    • Urban environments can be overstimulating due to population density, noise, and crime.
    • Urban and rural settings show different levels of altruistic behavior.
    • Rural areas tend to exhibit higher levels of altruism.

    Pluralistic Ignorance

    • Can prevent people from helping in emergencies if they believe others will help.
    • Making one's need for help clear can overcome this effect.

    Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

    • Feelings of empathy motivate altruistic behavior to increase someone's well-being.
    • This hypothesis links emotional responses (compassion, sympathy) to helping others.

    Feel Good, Do Good

    • Positive mood increases the likelihood of helping behavior.
    • Money can elevate mood and increase helping.

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    Related Documents

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    Description

    Explore the dynamics of interpersonal attraction, including factors like proximity and relationship types. Understand concepts such as communal versus exchange relationships and the role of reciprocity in building attractions. Delve into evolutionary theory and its implications on mate selection.

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