Intellectual Disability and Genetic Conditions
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Questions and Answers

What condition is characterized by deficits in adaptive functioning that significantly hampers an individual's independence?

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders (correct)
  • Down Syndrome
  • Fragile X Syndrome
  • Measles

    • Down Syndrome is also known as Trisomy 21.

    True

    What is the main cause of Fragile X Syndrome?

    The lack of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) due to mutations in the FMR1 gene.

    Exposure to __________ during pregnancy can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders.

    <p>teratogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genetic conditions with their characteristics:

    <p>Down Syndrome = Extra chromosome 21 Fragile X Syndrome = Lack of FMRP protein Measles = Resulting from head trauma during childhood Neurodevelopmental disorders = Disabilities affecting behavior and learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emotional/affective bias primarily concerned with?

    <p>Social and cultural consequences of impairment or disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discrimination refers to fair treatment of all individuals regardless of their group membership.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)?

    <p>To diagnose and classify mental disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rosa's Law was enacted to change the term 'mental retardation' to intellectual __________.

    <p>disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Intellectual Disability = A developmental disorder affecting approximately 1% of people Person-Centered Language = Language that emphasizes the individual's humanity Behavioral bias = Prejudice against individuals due to their group membership Disorder = A medical term defined in the DSM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a genetic cause of Intellectual Disability?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with ADHD is correctly described using person-centered language.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does adaptive functioning refer to?

    <p>Coping with everyday environmental demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic criterion for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

    <p>Obsessive pursuit of academic excellence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior must include at least one symptom to diagnose Autism Spectrum Disorder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three areas of deficits required for social communication and interaction in ASD?

    <p>Social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors, and developing/maintaining relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder often display __________ interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus.

    <p>highly restricted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ASD characteristics with their descriptions:

    <p>Stereotyped behaviors = Repetitive motor movements or speech Insistence on sameness = Inflexible adherence to routines Hyper-reactivity = Exaggerated response to sensory input Hypo-reactivity = Diminished response to sensory input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which teaching strategy is effective for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

    <p>Use of visual aids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder must be present during the early developmental period.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disorder is Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)?

    <p>A disorder that impedes the ability to learn or use specific academic skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual acuity level indicates legal blindness?

    <p>6/60 or worse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic causes are one of the factors that contribute to visual impairment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people worldwide are reported to have vision impairment?

    <p>2.2 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the colorful part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering.

    <p>iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the visual impairment causes with their descriptions:

    <p>Genetic Causes = Inherited traits that can affect vision Physical Trauma = Injury leading to vision complications Premature Birth = Giving birth before the normal gestation period Infections = Diseases that can lead to visual impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with both partial sight and blindness?

    <p>Visual impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pupil is located at the back of the eye.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The clarity or sharpness of vision is defined as __________.

    <p>visual acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of specific learning disorder among school-age children?

    <p>5%-15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is involved in reading skills.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the causes of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)?

    <p>Genes and heredity, brain development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) can significantly interfere with __________ functioning.

    <p>academic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the specific learning disability symptoms with their descriptions:

    <p>Inaccurate or slow word reading = Difficulty in reading without errors Difficulty understanding text = Struggling to comprehend the meaning of what is read Difficulties with spelling = Trouble correctly spelling words Difficulties mastering number sense = Inability to grasp basic numerical concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)?

    <p>Difficulty grasping social cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teaching strategies for students with SLD include the use of technology tools.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of assessments are involved in diagnosing Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)?

    <p>Psychoeducational assessment and school reports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specific Learning Disabilities must be confirmed by standardized __________ achievements.

    <p>achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long must symptoms persist to consider a diagnosis of Specific Learning Disabilities?

    <p>At least 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lens of the eye do?

    <p>Focuses images onto the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person is considered legally blind when their best corrected central visual acuity is 6/60 or worse.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured with a Snellen test?

    <p>Visual acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ takes the light received by the eye and converts it into nerve signals.

    <p>retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the visual impairment with its description:

    <p>Nearsightedness = Objects farther away are blurry Farsightedness = Objects nearby may be blurry Glaucoma = Increased pressure in the eye Refractive Errors = Error in the focusing of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of refractive error?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the visual field of a person classified as having low vision?

    <p>Less than 10 degrees from the point of fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visual impairment refers to adequate visual functioning without any impairments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Exceptionalities

    • Impairment: A permanent or temporary loss or abnormality of a body structure or function, encompassing both physiological and psychological aspects of health. Abnormal organ function is part of this.

    • Disability: A restriction or inability to perform an activity in a normal manner, often resulting from an impairment. It pertains to the loss of functional capacity. Activity limitations are part of this concept.

    • Handicap: A disadvantage arising from an impairment or disability which hinders fulfilling normal social, cultural, and roles. The measure depends on age, sex, and cultural factors. It focuses on participation limitations.

    • Disorder: A medical term used to classify mental disorders. It is described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

    • DSM-5: A manual used for diagnosing and classifying mental disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It details all categories of mental health disorders for adults and children. It includes 157 diagnoses.

    Developmental Disability/Disorder

    • These limitations emerge in infancy and childhood, with developmental delays or limitations in cognitive, motor, speech, vision, hearing or behavioral aspects.

    • Stereotype: The belief that all members of a certain group are the same, and labeling them. It's a cognitive basis.

    • Stigma: A negative attitude or response towards a group or individual, primarily due to a perceived distinguishing characteristic or personal trait.

    • Prejudice: A negative attitude or affective response towards a group and its members, usually based on group membership. Emotional biases are significant aspects of this.

    • Discrimination: Unequal treatment of group members based on group membership. It's a behavioral bias.

    • Person-Centered Language: Language that underscores the individual's humanity, defining them as a person first, not based on their diagnosis. It's exemplified when referring to a student as 'the student with ADHD' instead of 'an ADHD student'.

    • Intellectual Disability (ID): The most frequent developmental disorder, impacting approximately 1% of the population. Formerly referred to as "mental retardation".

    Intellectual Disability (ID) Causes

    • Genetic factors such as Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome.
    • Conditions resulting from illness, including meningitis and measles.
    • Head trauma.
    • Brain malformations.
    • Exposure to teratogens (e.g., alcohol or drugs) during pregnancy.
    • Issues during labor or delivery.
    • Infections during pregnancy.

    Diagnosing Intellectual Disability (ID)

    • Deficits in intellectual functioning, confirmed through clinical evaluation and standardized intelligence testing.
    • A significant impairment in adaptive functioning, impacting the individual's independence or meeting social responsibilities.
    • The onset of these deficits typically occurs during childhood.

    Classifications of Intellectual Disability Severity

    • Severity is classified using IQ ranges and adaptive functioning.
    • Individuals with mild IDs often develop the capacity for independent living, needing minimum support. Individuals with moderate IDs can achieve independent living with moderate support. Individuals with severe IDs require constant daily assistance with self-care, while individuals with profound IDs require 24-hour care.

    Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

    • A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors.
    • Expressed on a spectrum, each person with ASD exhibits the disorder uniquely with varying degrees of functionality.

    Specific Learning Disabilities (SLDs)

    • These disorders impede the ability to learn various academic skills such as reading, writing, and arithmetic, hindering development in other related academic areas.
    • The prevalence in reading, writing or mathematics is estimated at 5%-15% among school-aged children.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the key concepts related to intellectual disabilities, including Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, and adaptive functioning. It examines the causes of these conditions and the language used in diagnosis and treatment. Test your knowledge on the definitions, characteristics, and implications of intellectual disabilities and associated genetic disorders.

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