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Questions and Answers
Which of the following correctly describes the composition of the hypodermis?
Which of the following correctly describes the composition of the hypodermis?
What is the primary function of keratin in the skin?
What is the primary function of keratin in the skin?
Which layer of the skin provides the initial barrier and is avascular?
Which layer of the skin provides the initial barrier and is avascular?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
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What type of tissue composes the dermis layer of the skin?
What type of tissue composes the dermis layer of the skin?
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What is a significant function of the accessory structures of the skin?
What is a significant function of the accessory structures of the skin?
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What type of receptors are found within the skin that respond to touch and vibration?
What type of receptors are found within the skin that respond to touch and vibration?
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What role does vitamin D3 play in relation to calcium in the body?
What role does vitamin D3 play in relation to calcium in the body?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the epidermis?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the epidermis?
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What stimulates more rapid mitosis leading to thickening of the epidermis?
What stimulates more rapid mitosis leading to thickening of the epidermis?
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What is a primary component that fills the gaps created between layers of the epidermis during the formation of a blister?
What is a primary component that fills the gaps created between layers of the epidermis during the formation of a blister?
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Which layer of the epidermis is mainly involved in protecting DNA from UV radiation?
Which layer of the epidermis is mainly involved in protecting DNA from UV radiation?
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What type of cells in the stratum spinosum are responsible for defending against microorganisms?
What type of cells in the stratum spinosum are responsible for defending against microorganisms?
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What physical changes occur to cells as they move upwards through the stratum granulosum?
What physical changes occur to cells as they move upwards through the stratum granulosum?
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What is the role of Merkel cells in the skin?
What is the role of Merkel cells in the skin?
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What is the phenomenon that leads to pruney fingers after prolonged exposure to water?
What is the phenomenon that leads to pruney fingers after prolonged exposure to water?
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What main substance do keratinocytes produce in the stratum granulosum?
What main substance do keratinocytes produce in the stratum granulosum?
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What genetic characteristic impacts the uniqueness of fingerprint patterns?
What genetic characteristic impacts the uniqueness of fingerprint patterns?
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Which layer of the epidermis contains dead cells that are no longer viable?
Which layer of the epidermis contains dead cells that are no longer viable?
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What role does hair play in protecting the scalp?
What role does hair play in protecting the scalp?
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Which factor is most influential in the development of terminal hair?
Which factor is most influential in the development of terminal hair?
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What is the primary function of the hair plexus sensory nerve?
What is the primary function of the hair plexus sensory nerve?
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What occurs during the resting phase of the hair growth cycle?
What occurs during the resting phase of the hair growth cycle?
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In what phase does the hair grow at an approximate rate of 0.33 mm/day?
In what phase does the hair grow at an approximate rate of 0.33 mm/day?
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What physiological response causes hair to stand up, often referred to as goosebumps?
What physiological response causes hair to stand up, often referred to as goosebumps?
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What causes the color changes observed in bruises over time?
What causes the color changes observed in bruises over time?
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Which structures in the dermis contribute to the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the epidermis?
Which structures in the dermis contribute to the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the epidermis?
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What role do nerve cells in the skin primarily play?
What role do nerve cells in the skin primarily play?
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What type of tissue is primarily found in the hypodermis?
What type of tissue is primarily found in the hypodermis?
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Which type of hair is referred to as vellus hair?
Which type of hair is referred to as vellus hair?
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What is the primary function of the cutaneous plexuses in the skin?
What is the primary function of the cutaneous plexuses in the skin?
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How does the skin contribute to thermoregulation in the body?
How does the skin contribute to thermoregulation in the body?
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What type of hair is described as lanugo?
What type of hair is described as lanugo?
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Which substance is responsible for the purple/blue color of bruises?
Which substance is responsible for the purple/blue color of bruises?
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What is the primary role of sebaceous glands in the skin?
What is the primary role of sebaceous glands in the skin?
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What is the primary characteristic of the stratum lucidium?
What is the primary characteristic of the stratum lucidium?
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How do light-skinned individuals process melanosomes differently than dark-skinned individuals?
How do light-skinned individuals process melanosomes differently than dark-skinned individuals?
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What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
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What physiological role does carotene serve in humans?
What physiological role does carotene serve in humans?
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What condition results from abnormal function of melanocytes in older individuals?
What condition results from abnormal function of melanocytes in older individuals?
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In which layer of the skin does the breakdown of melanosomes occur for dark-skinned individuals?
In which layer of the skin does the breakdown of melanosomes occur for dark-skinned individuals?
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What is the estimated daily loss of water through the skin, as mentioned?
What is the estimated daily loss of water through the skin, as mentioned?
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What causes DNA damage in the stratum germinativum?
What causes DNA damage in the stratum germinativum?
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Which pigment found in the skin is produced from the amino acid tyrosine?
Which pigment found in the skin is produced from the amino acid tyrosine?
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What is the impact of increased UV exposure on melanin production?
What is the impact of increased UV exposure on melanin production?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- Consists of the cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structures such as hair follicles, nails, and exocrine glands.
- Skin is composed of two layers: the epidermis (superficial layer) and dermis (deeper layer).
- Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) lies beneath the skin, composed of loose connective tissue and is not considered part of the integument.
Functions of Skin and Hypodermis
- Protection: from impact, abrasion, fluid loss, chemicals.
- Excretion: of salts, water, and organic waste.
- Temperature regulation: helps maintain body temperature.
- Synthesis of Vitamin D3: converted to calcitriol, a hormone essential for calcium absorption from the intestine.
- Storage of lipids: in adipocytes of the hypodermis.
- Sensation: innervated with tactile receptors sensitive to touch, pressure, and vibration.
- Production of melanin: protects cells from UV radiation.
- Production of keratin: protects from dehydration.
Epidermis
- Composed of stratified squamous epithelium, avascular, and lacks blood vessels.
- Superficial cells are dead and inert, stem cells are located in the deepest layer.
- Pressure, wear, and tear stimulate rapid cell division, leading to thickening of the epidermis.
- Blisters form when friction or damage from extreme temperatures cause layers of the epidermis to separate, and the gaps fill with fluid.
Cell Types in Stratum Germinativum
- Basal cells: stem cells responsible for producing new epidermal cells.
- Melanocytes: pigment producing cells that synthesize melanin, providing protection against UV radiation.
- Merkel cells: sensitive to light touch, activating nerve endings by releasing chemicals.
Layers of the Epidermis
- Stratum spinosum: 8-10 layers of keratinocytes joined by desmosomes, containing Langerhans cells (phagocytes) that engulf and destroy damaged cells and pathogens.
- Stratum granulosum: 3-5 layers of keratinocytes that produce keratin, a protective protein.
- Stratum lucidum: a clear layer found only in thick skin, densely packed with keratin and devoid of organelles.
- Stratum corneum: the outermost layer, composed of 15-30 layers of dead, keratinized cells tightly interconnected by desmosomes, creating a water-resistant barrier.
Skin Color
- Carotene: an orange-yellow pigment found in orange vegetables and stored in adipocytes.
- Melanin: a yellow-brown pigment produced from the amino acid tyrosine by melanocytes.
- Hemoglobin: the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells, contributes to skin color.
- Melanin is packaged into vesicles called melanosomes and passed to keratinocytes.
- The rate of melanin breakdown determines skin color.
- Lighter skin: melanosomes break down in the stratum germinativum and spinosum, leading to a faster breakdown and lighter pigment.
- Darker skin: melanosomes break down in the stratum granulosum, leading to a slower breakdown and darker pigment.
Hair
- Insulates and protects the scalp from damage.
- Protects nostrils and ear canals from debris.
- Detects movement through the hair plexus sensory nerve.
- Arrector pili muscle causes hair to stand up (goosebumps).
Hair Growth Cycle
- Active phase: hair grows continuously for 2-5 years.
- Regression phase: follicle begins to shrink and transition to the resting phase.
- Resting phase: hair loses its attachment to the follicle and becomes a club hair.
- Shedding phase: the club hair is shed, and the hair matrix begins producing a replacement hair.
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Description
This quiz covers the integumentary system, including the structure and functions of skin and its associated components. Learn about how the skin protects the body, regulates temperature, and contributes to sensory perception. Test your understanding of the layers of skin and the role of the hypodermis.
