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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of MHC class I molecules?
Which process allows memory B cells to quickly differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon re-exposure to an antigen?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the complement system?
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What is the primary role of eosinophils in the immune response?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of innate immunity?
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What is the main function of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II molecules?
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Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
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What process allows lymphocytes to respond to a specific antigen and proliferate?
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Which of the following cells does NOT perform phagocytosis?
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Interferons are classified as:
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Which of the following best describes the function of cytotoxic T cells?
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Which type of immunity is developed during a person's lifetime?
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Which of the following is classified as a recombinant vaccine?
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IgM antibodies are primarily found in which location?
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Monocytes differentiate primarily into which of the following?
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Which option is NOT a characteristic of IgG antibodies?
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What does diapedesis refer to in immunology?
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Which of the following is NOT a function associated with antibodies?
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The primary site of T cell maturation in the body is known as?
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Which process allows B cells to switch their antibody production to different isotypes?
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What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune response?
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Which of the following is NOT a function associated with dendritic cells?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding innate immunity?
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The process by which neutrophils create extracellular traps is known as?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with autoimmune diseases?
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What is the main function of follicular dendritic cells in the immune system?
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Which of the following processes involves breaking down antigens into peptides for presentation?
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Study Notes
Innate Immunity
- Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogens and does not require prior exposure.
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Components of innate immunity:
- Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
- Complement system
- Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages)
- Memory B cells are part of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity.
Adaptive Immunity
- Adaptive immunity is a highly specific immune response that adapts to specific pathogens.
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Characteristics of adaptive immunity:
- Specificity: Recognizes and targets specific pathogens.
- Memory: Retains a memory of pathogens encountered previously, leading to faster and more effective responses upon re-exposure.
- Diversity: Generates a vast array of antigen receptors to target different pathogens.
- Immediate response is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity; this is a characteristic of innate immunity.
Lymphocyte Development and Function
- Thymic education is the process by which T cells learn to differentiate between self and non-self antigens within the thymus.
- Clonal selection is the process by which lymphocytes with receptors specific to an antigen proliferate upon exposure.
- B lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies.
- T helper cells activate and regulate other immune cells (e.g., B cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages).
- Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected or abnormal cells.
Antigen Presentation
- MHC II molecules present antigens to CD4+ T cells.
- MHC I molecules present antigens to CD8+ T cells.
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Professional antigen-presenting cells include:
- Dendritic cells
- Macrophages
- B cells
- Erythrocytes are red blood cells and do NOT present antigens.
Immune Response Mechanisms
- Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) engulf and destroy pathogens.
- Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more quickly and effectively to a pathogen it has encountered before.
Lymphatic System
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Lymphatic system is vital for immune function, involved in:
- Lymph transport
- Filtration of pathogens
- Maturation of lymphocytes
- Red blood cell production occurs in the bone marrow, not the lymphatic system.
Cytokines and Interferons
- Cytokines are signaling molecules involved in cell communication, growth, and differentiation, and regulate immune responses.
- Interferons are a type of cytokine that are especially important for antiviral defense.
Antibody Structure and Function
- IgM antibodies are primarily restricted to the circulation and are the first antibody produced in a primary immune response.
- IgG antibodies are the most abundant in serum, have the longest half-life, can cross the placenta, and are involved in neutralizing toxins and opsonizing pathogens.
- IgA antibodies are present in secretions and provide mucosal immunity.
Cell Differentiation
- Monocytes differentiate into macrophages.
Cell Movement and Immune Response
- Diapedesis is the process by which white blood cells move through blood vessel walls.
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Complement system is a critical component of innate immunity, vital for:
- Opsonization: Tagging pathogens for phagocytosis.
- Cell lysis: Destroying pathogens through membrane attack complex formation.
- Inflammation: Recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection.
Vaccine Types and Function
- Recombinant vaccines are produced using gene manipulation to express a specific antigen.
T Cells
- Regulatory T cells suppress immune responses to prevent autoimmunity.
- T cells mature in the thymus.
B Cells
- Somatic hypermutation occurs in B cell receptors to increase antibody diversity and affinity.
- Isotype switching is the process by which B cells change the class of antibody produced, allowing for more effective immune responses.
Secondary Immune Response
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Secondary immune response is characterized by:
- Faster response time due to the presence of memory cells.
- More antibody production, mainly IgG.
- Primarily involves memory cells.
Spleen
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Spleen is a vital immune organ functioning in:
- Filtration of blood-borne pathogens.
- Storage of platelets.
- Production of red blood cells occurs in the bone marrow, NOT the spleen.
Dendritic Cells
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Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that:
- Present antigens to naive T cells.
- Migrate to lymph nodes to activate adaptive immune responses.
- Antibody production is NOT a function of dendritic cells.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
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Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte involved in:
- Killing of virus-infected and tumor cells.
Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated immune responses that can be harmful to the body.
Antigen Processing and Presentation
- Antigen processing is the breakdown of antigens into peptides for presentation on MHC molecules.
Autoimmune Diseases
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Autoimmune diseases are characterized by:
- Loss of self-tolerance, leading to the immune system attacking the body's own tissues.
- Production of autoantibodies.
- Tissue damage.
Follicular Dendritic Cells
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Follicular dendritic cells are found in lymph follicles and are specialized in:
- Antigen retention and presentation to B cells.
Cytokine Function
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Cytokines are involved in a wide range of immune functions, including:
- Cell growth and differentiation.
- Regulation of immune responses.
- Inflammation.
- Antigen recognition is not a function of cytokines.
Neutrophil Function
- NETosis is the process by which neutrophils release DNA and proteins to form extracellular traps, capturing and killing pathogens.
Immune Tolerance
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Immunological tolerance prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues (autoimmunity) by:
- Elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes during development.
- Induction of regulatory T cells.
Eosinophils
- Eosinophils are primarily involved in defense against parasitic infections.
MHC Molecules
- MHC class I molecules are found on all nucleated cells and present endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells.
Memory B Cells and Secondary Immunity
- Memory B cells differentiate rapidly into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon re-exposure to the antigen, leading to a robust secondary immune response.
Acute Phase Response
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Acute phase response is the immune response that follows tissue injury or infection, characterized by:
- Fever induction.
- Increased vascular permeability.
- Production of acute phase proteins (e.g., C-reactive protein).
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cells
- Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique type of T cell that recognizes lipid antigens.
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Description
Test your knowledge on innate and adaptive immunity with this quiz. Explore the characteristics, components, and the differences between these two essential immune systems. Perfect for students studying immunology or biology!
