Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immune response?

  • It is rapid and active prior to infection.
  • It relies on a limited number of conserved germline-encoded receptors.
  • It exhibits high diversity in its receptors. (correct)
  • It plays a crucial role in activating the adaptive immune response.

    • Which of the following is a primary function of chemokines in the immune system?

  • To regulate the differentiation of T cells into specific effector subtypes.
  • To guide immune cells to the site of infection. (correct)
  • To stimulate the production of antibodies by B cells.
  • To directly destroy pathogens by inducing cell lysis.

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of the innate immune system's self/non-self discrimination?

  • It is highly specific, recognizing unique microbial antigens.
  • It is susceptible to occasional failures, leading to autoimmune diseases.
  • It relies on T cell receptors for recognizing specific antigens.
  • It is perfect, with no microbial-specific self/non-self patterns in the host. (correct)

    • Which of the following is an example of a physiological factor that contributes to innate immunity?

    <p>Nutrition and genetics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of innate lymphoid cell (ILC)?

    <p>Th1 (T-BET) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of innate immune cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>Innate immune cells present antigens to adaptive immune cells, initiating the adaptive response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrophages in the innate immune response?

    <p>Recognizing and eliminating pathogens through phagocytosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immune memory?

    <p>It enables a more rapid and efficient response to subsequent infections with the same pathogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do phagocytic cells recognize and ingest pathogens?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of opsonization?

    <p>Opsonization only involves the recognition of specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is NOT involved in phagocytosis?

    <p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of MHCII?

    <p>To present antigens to CD4 T cells, stimulating helper T cell activation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a cytokine and the exocytosed degraded material released after phagocytosis?

    <p>Both are signaling molecules, but cytokines are produced and secreted by cells, while exocytosed material is a byproduct of phagocytosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does complement contribute to the immune response?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

    <p>Innate immunity is present from birth, while adaptive immunity develops over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?

    <p>T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of interferons?

    <p>To induce an antiviral state in cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells express MHC-II on their surface and present antigens to CD4 T cells?

    <p>B cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CD4 T cells in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>To help B cells produce the right isotype of antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in antigen recognition between B cells and T cells?

    <p>T cells recognize only proteins, while B cells recognize a wider range of antigens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cytokine?

    <p>Cytokines are always produced by immune cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is NOT associated with the innate immune system?

    <p>Antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a lantibiotic?

    <p>Lantibiotics are produced by a variety of gram-positive genera. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of calprotectin?

    <p>To chelate zinc in S. aureus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity

    • Innate immunity is a rapid, pre-existing defense system.
    • Adaptive immunity is slower, tailored to specific pathogens.
    • Innate diversity is limited, using conserved germline receptors.
    • Adaptive diversity is highly diverse through genetic recombination.
    • Innate memory is limited, mostly in NK cells.
    • Adaptive discrimination is very good, with occasional autoimmune failures.

    Innate Immune Components

    • Soluble components: Antimicrobial peptides, proteins, mediators
    • Major cell types: Phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils), NK cells, other leukocytes, epithelial/endothelial cells, dendritic cells.
    • Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs): ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, NK cells
      • Recognize broader patterns, act early while waiting for adaptive response
    • Physical barriers: Skin (shedding, acidity, high NaCl, drying, psoriasin)
    • Physiological responses: Fever (cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α), increase blood flow, permeability, leukocyte exit.

    Adaptive Immune Components

    • Cell types: T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells (B cells/innate cells can present antigens to T cells)
    • Soluble components: Antibodies, cytokines
    • CD4 T cells: Recognize antigens on MHC II
    • CD8 T cells: Recognize antigens on MHC I (self or damaged)
    • B cells: Antibodies, unique antigen recognition
    • B cell receptors: Antibody-like receptors on B cell surface

    Cell Communication and Signaling

    • Cytokines: Cell communication molecules
    • Chemokines: Small cytokines guiding cells to infection sites
    • Receptors are needed for cells to respond to cytokines
    • Cytokines yield different responses in various cell types

    Phagocytosis

    • Process: Recognition, ingestion, killing of pathogens
    • Cells: Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils
    • Mechanism: Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
    • Opsonization greatly enhances phagocytosis
      • Opsonins are molecules recognized by phagocytic cells (e.g., complement, antibodies)
    • Clearing debris: Phagocytosis vital for removal of dead cells, and pathogens
    • MHCII presentation: Breakdown of pathogen to display on MHC II to activate T cells

    Antimicrobial Mechanisms

    • Oxidative mechanisms: Bleach, peroxide to destroy pathogens, generated by phagocytes.
    • Lysozyme: Breaks down cell walls
    • Lactoferrin/Transferrin: Bind iron
    • Calprotectin: Chelates zinc
    • Psoriasin: Anti-microbial peptide in skin
    • Cationic peptides: Disrupt cell membranes

    Complement System

    • Definition: Serum proteins, critical opsonin, and for bridging innate and adaptive immunity.
    • Function: Opsonization (enhance phagocytosis), stimulation of inflammatory response, microbial lysis
    • Mechanism: Cascade-like activation. Many proteins are involved in the cascade.

    Interferons

    • Function: Induce antiviral state
    • Types: Type I (α, β, τ), Type II (γ)
    • Production: Type I by virally infected cells, Type II primarily by NK and T cells

    Antigen Presentation

    • MHC I: Present viral antigens on infected cells (recognized by CD8 T cells)
    • MHC II: Present antigens on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for recognition by CD4 T cells

    Inflammatory Response

    • Stages: Blood vessel dilation, increased permeability, leukocyte migration.

    Endocytosis

    • Definition: Ingesting particles (phagocytosis) or fluids (pinocytosis)
    • Cells: Macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells

    Other Immune Cells

    • Granulocytes: Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
    • Mast cells
    • Natural Killer (NK) cells
    • Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. This quiz covers the fundamental components of both immune systems and their respective roles in defending the body against pathogens. Dive into the specifics like cell types, soluble components, and physiological responses.

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