Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immune response?

  • It is rapid and active prior to infection.
  • It relies on a limited number of conserved germline-encoded receptors.
  • It exhibits high diversity in its receptors. (correct)
  • It plays a crucial role in activating the adaptive immune response.

Which of the following is a primary function of chemokines in the immune system?

  • To regulate the differentiation of T cells into specific effector subtypes.
  • To guide immune cells to the site of infection. (correct)
  • To stimulate the production of antibodies by B cells.
  • To directly destroy pathogens by inducing cell lysis.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the innate immune system's self/non-self discrimination?

  • It is highly specific, recognizing unique microbial antigens.
  • It is susceptible to occasional failures, leading to autoimmune diseases.
  • It relies on T cell receptors for recognizing specific antigens.
  • It is perfect, with no microbial-specific self/non-self patterns in the host. (correct)

Which of the following is an example of a physiological factor that contributes to innate immunity?

<p>Nutrition and genetics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of innate lymphoid cell (ILC)?

<p>Th1 (T-BET) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of innate immune cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>Innate immune cells present antigens to adaptive immune cells, initiating the adaptive response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages in the innate immune response?

<p>Recognizing and eliminating pathogens through phagocytosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immune memory?

<p>It enables a more rapid and efficient response to subsequent infections with the same pathogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do phagocytic cells recognize and ingest pathogens?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of opsonization?

<p>Opsonization only involves the recognition of specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is NOT involved in phagocytosis?

<p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of MHCII?

<p>To present antigens to CD4 T cells, stimulating helper T cell activation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a cytokine and the exocytosed degraded material released after phagocytosis?

<p>Both are signaling molecules, but cytokines are produced and secreted by cells, while exocytosed material is a byproduct of phagocytosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does complement contribute to the immune response?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

<p>Innate immunity is present from birth, while adaptive immunity develops over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?

<p>T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interferons?

<p>To induce an antiviral state in cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells express MHC-II on their surface and present antigens to CD4 T cells?

<p>B cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CD4 T cells in the adaptive immune response?

<p>To help B cells produce the right isotype of antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference in antigen recognition between B cells and T cells?

<p>T cells recognize only proteins, while B cells recognize a wider range of antigens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cytokine?

<p>Cytokines are always produced by immune cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is NOT associated with the innate immune system?

<p>Antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a lantibiotic?

<p>Lantibiotics are produced by a variety of gram-positive genera. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of calprotectin?

<p>To chelate zinc in S. aureus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Innate Immune Response

Defensive mechanisms active before infection and respond rapidly.

Adaptive Immune Response

Inducible immune response tailored by T and B cells.

Diversity in Innate Immunity

Limited number of conserved, germ line encoded receptors.

Diversity in Adaptive Immunity

Highly diverse with many receptors from genetic recombination.

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Innate Immune Memory

Some memory function present in NK cells.

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Chemokines

Smaller cytokines guiding cells to the site of infection.

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Cytokines

Mediators for communication between immune cells.

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Physiological Factors in Innate Immunity

Includes fever and proinflammatory cytokines to combat pathogens.

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Cytokine Receptor

A molecule on a cell that allows interaction with a cytokine.

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Phagocytosis

The process by which phagocytic cells ingest and destroy microbes.

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Phagocytic Cells

Cells that perform phagocytosis, including macrophages and neutrophils.

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MHC Molecules

Molecules that present antigens to T cells, crucial for immune response.

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PAMPs

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognized by immune cells.

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DAMPs

Danger-associated molecular patterns indicating cell distress or death.

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Opsonin

Molecules that tag pathogens for phagocytosis.

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Complement System

A group of serum proteins that enhances immune responses.

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Interferon

Proteins that induce an antiviral state in cells.

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Inflammatory Response

The body's immediate reaction to harmful stimuli, increasing blood flow.

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B Cells

White blood cells that produce antibodies against antigens.

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T Cells

Lymphocytes that recognize and kill infected or cancerous cells.

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Granulocytes

A type of white blood cell including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

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Endocytosis

The process of cells engulfing particles or liquids.

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Adaptive Immunity

The part of the immune system that adapts to specific pathogens.

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Study Notes

Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity

  • Innate immunity is a rapid, pre-existing defense system.
  • Adaptive immunity is slower, tailored to specific pathogens.
  • Innate diversity is limited, using conserved germline receptors.
  • Adaptive diversity is highly diverse through genetic recombination.
  • Innate memory is limited, mostly in NK cells.
  • Adaptive discrimination is very good, with occasional autoimmune failures.

Innate Immune Components

  • Soluble components: Antimicrobial peptides, proteins, mediators
  • Major cell types: Phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils), NK cells, other leukocytes, epithelial/endothelial cells, dendritic cells.
  • Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs): ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, NK cells
    • Recognize broader patterns, act early while waiting for adaptive response
  • Physical barriers: Skin (shedding, acidity, high NaCl, drying, psoriasin)
  • Physiological responses: Fever (cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α), increase blood flow, permeability, leukocyte exit.

Adaptive Immune Components

  • Cell types: T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells (B cells/innate cells can present antigens to T cells)
  • Soluble components: Antibodies, cytokines
  • CD4 T cells: Recognize antigens on MHC II
  • CD8 T cells: Recognize antigens on MHC I (self or damaged)
  • B cells: Antibodies, unique antigen recognition
  • B cell receptors: Antibody-like receptors on B cell surface

Cell Communication and Signaling

  • Cytokines: Cell communication molecules
  • Chemokines: Small cytokines guiding cells to infection sites
  • Receptors are needed for cells to respond to cytokines
  • Cytokines yield different responses in various cell types

Phagocytosis

  • Process: Recognition, ingestion, killing of pathogens
  • Cells: Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils
  • Mechanism: Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
  • Opsonization greatly enhances phagocytosis
    • Opsonins are molecules recognized by phagocytic cells (e.g., complement, antibodies)
  • Clearing debris: Phagocytosis vital for removal of dead cells, and pathogens
  • MHCII presentation: Breakdown of pathogen to display on MHC II to activate T cells

Antimicrobial Mechanisms

  • Oxidative mechanisms: Bleach, peroxide to destroy pathogens, generated by phagocytes.
  • Lysozyme: Breaks down cell walls
  • Lactoferrin/Transferrin: Bind iron
  • Calprotectin: Chelates zinc
  • Psoriasin: Anti-microbial peptide in skin
  • Cationic peptides: Disrupt cell membranes

Complement System

  • Definition: Serum proteins, critical opsonin, and for bridging innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Function: Opsonization (enhance phagocytosis), stimulation of inflammatory response, microbial lysis
  • Mechanism: Cascade-like activation. Many proteins are involved in the cascade.

Interferons

  • Function: Induce antiviral state
  • Types: Type I (α, β, Ï„), Type II (γ)
  • Production: Type I by virally infected cells, Type II primarily by NK and T cells

Antigen Presentation

  • MHC I: Present viral antigens on infected cells (recognized by CD8 T cells)
  • MHC II: Present antigens on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for recognition by CD4 T cells

Inflammatory Response

  • Stages: Blood vessel dilation, increased permeability, leukocyte migration.

Endocytosis

  • Definition: Ingesting particles (phagocytosis) or fluids (pinocytosis)
  • Cells: Macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells

Other Immune Cells

  • Granulocytes: Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
  • Mast cells
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells
  • Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells

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