Podcast
Questions and Answers
What primarily influences a person's judgment when evaluating an option in isolation?
What primarily influences a person's judgment when evaluating an option in isolation?
- The decision maker's experience with similar options
- Attributes that are hard to evaluate
- The overall quality of the object being evaluated
- Attributes that are easy to evaluate (correct)
Which attribute is considered hard to evaluate?
Which attribute is considered hard to evaluate?
- An attribute that is directly measured
- An attribute that can be easily compared to other options
- An attribute without known distribution information (correct)
- An attribute with known distribution information
What occurs in joint evaluation compared to separate evaluation?
What occurs in joint evaluation compared to separate evaluation?
- Joint evaluation uses the reference information from both options. (correct)
- Separate evaluation always provides higher valuations.
- Reference information is always ignored in joint evaluation.
- The low-value option is less favored in joint evaluation.
What effect was observed in the results of Study 2 concerning separate evaluation?
What effect was observed in the results of Study 2 concerning separate evaluation?
How do people evaluate a gift compared to others in the same category?
How do people evaluate a gift compared to others in the same category?
What is the likely impact of joint evaluation compared to separate evaluation?
What is the likely impact of joint evaluation compared to separate evaluation?
In the Dishes Set experiment, what was observed regarding willingness to pay (WTP) in separate evaluation?
In the Dishes Set experiment, what was observed regarding willingness to pay (WTP) in separate evaluation?
What characteristic distinguishes joint evaluation from separate evaluation?
What characteristic distinguishes joint evaluation from separate evaluation?
What often happens when individuals evaluate gifts without a point of comparison?
What often happens when individuals evaluate gifts without a point of comparison?
Which is true about the evaluability hypothesis?
Which is true about the evaluability hypothesis?
How do preferences shift between separate and joint evaluation modes?
How do preferences shift between separate and joint evaluation modes?
What key finding is related to the comparison of two options during evaluation?
What key finding is related to the comparison of two options during evaluation?
What does separate evaluation limit regarding decision-making?
What does separate evaluation limit regarding decision-making?
What tendency was identified with regard to valuations in separate evaluation mode?
What tendency was identified with regard to valuations in separate evaluation mode?
In evaluating a product, why might a person disregard actual price?
In evaluating a product, why might a person disregard actual price?
What conclusion can be drawn about preferences based on the research findings?
What conclusion can be drawn about preferences based on the research findings?
What effect does a positive framing of decision options have on people's choices?
What effect does a positive framing of decision options have on people's choices?
What tends to happen when decisions are framed in negative terms?
What tends to happen when decisions are framed in negative terms?
In the context of mixed gambles, what does loss aversion typically cause?
In the context of mixed gambles, what does loss aversion typically cause?
What limitation in prospect theory is highlighted concerning disappointing outcomes?
What limitation in prospect theory is highlighted concerning disappointing outcomes?
How does prospect theory treat the outcome of winning nothing in different gambles?
How does prospect theory treat the outcome of winning nothing in different gambles?
What assumption do both prospect theory and utility theory share?
What assumption do both prospect theory and utility theory share?
What is a prominent issue faced when comparing the two problems about the 90% chance to win $1 million?
What is a prominent issue faced when comparing the two problems about the 90% chance to win $1 million?
What concept explains that decisionmakers assess outcomes relative to a neutral reference point?
What concept explains that decisionmakers assess outcomes relative to a neutral reference point?
In problem 3, what was the psychological perception of the $1,000 gain?
In problem 3, what was the psychological perception of the $1,000 gain?
What behavior is typically exhibited when a sure loss is compared to a larger probable loss?
What behavior is typically exhibited when a sure loss is compared to a larger probable loss?
What does diminishing sensitivity refer to in the context of financial outcomes?
What does diminishing sensitivity refer to in the context of financial outcomes?
What phenomenon explains why a loss of $100 is felt worse than a gain of $100?
What phenomenon explains why a loss of $100 is felt worse than a gain of $100?
What preference did participants exhibit in problem 4 compared to problem 3?
What preference did participants exhibit in problem 4 compared to problem 3?
What effect did the change in the decision frame have on participant choices in the Asian disease problem?
What effect did the change in the decision frame have on participant choices in the Asian disease problem?
Which outcome is viewed as a loss in problem 3?
Which outcome is viewed as a loss in problem 3?
In the context of financial decisions, what is typically regarded as the usual reference point?
In the context of financial decisions, what is typically regarded as the usual reference point?
What common tendency is highlighted in the bat-and-ball problem?
What common tendency is highlighted in the bat-and-ball problem?
Why is the syllogism about roses and flowers considered flawed?
Why is the syllogism about roses and flowers considered flawed?
What behavior do respondents exhibit when estimating murder rates in Michigan?
What behavior do respondents exhibit when estimating murder rates in Michigan?
What does the bat-and-ball problem suggest about System 1 thinking?
What does the bat-and-ball problem suggest about System 1 thinking?
How does System 2 thinking differ from System 1 in terms of reasoning?
How does System 2 thinking differ from System 1 in terms of reasoning?
What impact does overconfidence have on people’s assessment of arguments?
What impact does overconfidence have on people’s assessment of arguments?
Why do respondents who were questioned about Michigan give lower murder estimates?
Why do respondents who were questioned about Michigan give lower murder estimates?
Which of the following illustrates a reasoning flaw common among college students?
Which of the following illustrates a reasoning flaw common among college students?
What does the research indicate about the nature of human rationality?
What does the research indicate about the nature of human rationality?
What is the essence of intuitive heuristics as described in the content?
What is the essence of intuitive heuristics as described in the content?
In cases where intuitive guesses fail, what type of thinking is employed according to the content?
In cases where intuitive guesses fail, what type of thinking is employed according to the content?
What does the affect heuristic imply about decision-making?
What does the affect heuristic imply about decision-making?
What challenge do experts face when their intuitive choices coincide with logical flaws?
What challenge do experts face when their intuitive choices coincide with logical flaws?
How does expert intuition operate according to the content?
How does expert intuition operate according to the content?
What significant impact does 'Prospect Theory' have on behavioral economics?
What significant impact does 'Prospect Theory' have on behavioral economics?
What primarily underlies the consistent deviations from rational choice in decision-making?
What primarily underlies the consistent deviations from rational choice in decision-making?
What role do schemas play in categorization of objects?
What role do schemas play in categorization of objects?
How do judgments about nontypical objects vary according to participant responses?
How do judgments about nontypical objects vary according to participant responses?
What is indicated by the variation in naming cups versus bowls in an experiment?
What is indicated by the variation in naming cups versus bowls in an experiment?
What does the term 'degree of category membership' refer to in the context of schemas?
What does the term 'degree of category membership' refer to in the context of schemas?
What issue arises from participants' responses when categorizing atypical objects?
What issue arises from participants' responses when categorizing atypical objects?
Which hypothesis suggests systems for converting perceptions into abstract representations?
Which hypothesis suggests systems for converting perceptions into abstract representations?
What is the primary function of categorization in relation to perception?
What is the primary function of categorization in relation to perception?
What structure does semantic memory employ to store categorical information?
What structure does semantic memory employ to store categorical information?
How are sentences in semantic memory expected to be verified based on their level?
How are sentences in semantic memory expected to be verified based on their level?
What does the multimodal hypothesis propose regarding information transfer?
What does the multimodal hypothesis propose regarding information transfer?
What negative effect can arise from categorization in cognitive processes?
What negative effect can arise from categorization in cognitive processes?
When converting a visual representation into a motor representation, what is the first step according to the amodal hypothesis?
When converting a visual representation into a motor representation, what is the first step according to the amodal hypothesis?
What role do links play in semantic networks regarding hierarchical representation?
What role do links play in semantic networks regarding hierarchical representation?
What influences the strength of the association between a fact and a concept?
What influences the strength of the association between a fact and a concept?
What is described as default values in a schema?
What is described as default values in a schema?
In the context of schemas, what term is used to describe the relationship between categories and their attributes?
In the context of schemas, what term is used to describe the relationship between categories and their attributes?
What does the recall experiment about an office suggest about schemas?
What does the recall experiment about an office suggest about schemas?
How do schemas aid in the inference of facts about a concept?
How do schemas aid in the inference of facts about a concept?
What is implied by the psychological reality of schemas based on participants' recall in an experiment room?
What is implied by the psychological reality of schemas based on participants' recall in an experiment room?
What aspect of knowledge do schemas struggle to capture effectively?
What aspect of knowledge do schemas struggle to capture effectively?
What term describes the hierarchical structure associated with schemas?
What term describes the hierarchical structure associated with schemas?
What distinguishes goal-directed attention from stimulus-driven attention?
What distinguishes goal-directed attention from stimulus-driven attention?
Where do serial bottlenecks in human information processing typically occur?
Where do serial bottlenecks in human information processing typically occur?
How does the multimodal hypothesis differ from the amodal hypothesis?
How does the multimodal hypothesis differ from the amodal hypothesis?
Which brain regions are particularly important in executive control related to attention?
Which brain regions are particularly important in executive control related to attention?
What kind of changes in pictures do participants most readily remember?
What kind of changes in pictures do participants most readily remember?
What characteristic is associated with stimuli that capture stimulus-driven attention?
What characteristic is associated with stimuli that capture stimulus-driven attention?
Which of the following statements accurately describes early-selection and late-selection theories?
Which of the following statements accurately describes early-selection and late-selection theories?
How is memory for events affected by attention to different aspects of those events?
How is memory for events affected by attention to different aspects of those events?
What is the common principle regarding the relationship between stimulus and sensation intensity?
What is the common principle regarding the relationship between stimulus and sensation intensity?
Which law did Daniel Bernoulli use to represent the decreasing marginal utility of money?
Which law did Daniel Bernoulli use to represent the decreasing marginal utility of money?
What type of function did Cramer use to explain the growth of utility in relation to wealth?
What type of function did Cramer use to explain the growth of utility in relation to wealth?
What happens to the subjective value of each additional penny as the total amount of money increases, according to both Cramer and Bernoulli?
What happens to the subjective value of each additional penny as the total amount of money increases, according to both Cramer and Bernoulli?
How do the graphical representations of the logarithmic and power functions differ, despite both being concave downward?
How do the graphical representations of the logarithmic and power functions differ, despite both being concave downward?
What does the concept of diminishing marginal utility imply in the context of wealth?
What does the concept of diminishing marginal utility imply in the context of wealth?
Which statement accurately describes the subjective impression of value associated with money according to the psychophysical laws discussed?
Which statement accurately describes the subjective impression of value associated with money according to the psychophysical laws discussed?
What common misconception do both Cramer and Bernoulli’s laws address regarding money and utility?
What common misconception do both Cramer and Bernoulli’s laws address regarding money and utility?
How does the subjective value relate to the number of dollars according to Bernoulli's assumption?
How does the subjective value relate to the number of dollars according to Bernoulli's assumption?
What assumption underlies Cramer's power function regarding utility?
What assumption underlies Cramer's power function regarding utility?
What is the relationship described by Fechner's law regarding stimulus and sensation?
What is the relationship described by Fechner's law regarding stimulus and sensation?
Which of the following best characterizes loudness and pitch in terms of their continuum types?
Which of the following best characterizes loudness and pitch in terms of their continuum types?
What does the psychophysical power law state about stimulus and sensed effect?
What does the psychophysical power law state about stimulus and sensed effect?
According to Fechner, how is sensation quantified?
According to Fechner, how is sensation quantified?
What fundamental principle does the psychophysical power law challenge in understanding sensory perception?
What fundamental principle does the psychophysical power law challenge in understanding sensory perception?
Which sensory aspect is characterized as having degrees of magnitude?
Which sensory aspect is characterized as having degrees of magnitude?
What can reduce the likelihood of the less-is-better effect occurring?
What can reduce the likelihood of the less-is-better effect occurring?
What is a potential outcome when both stimulus options are overfilled in the ice cream example?
What is a potential outcome when both stimulus options are overfilled in the ice cream example?
Why might the separate evaluation method be considered imperfect?
Why might the separate evaluation method be considered imperfect?
In what scenario is the less-is-better effect more likely to emerge?
In what scenario is the less-is-better effect more likely to emerge?
What does the term 'relation-to-reference' imply in the context of option evaluation?
What does the term 'relation-to-reference' imply in the context of option evaluation?
What type of evaluation is more focused on emotions and influenced by quick, instinctive reactions?
What type of evaluation is more focused on emotions and influenced by quick, instinctive reactions?
Which system primarily influences joint evaluation and involves careful assessment?
Which system primarily influences joint evaluation and involves careful assessment?
When comparing two options in a joint evaluation, what aspect is often more stable?
When comparing two options in a joint evaluation, what aspect is often more stable?
What can lead to a preference reversal when options are evaluated separately?
What can lead to a preference reversal when options are evaluated separately?
Which statement best captures the nature of judgments made within categories?
Which statement best captures the nature of judgments made within categories?
What is a notable characteristic of separate evaluation compared to joint evaluation?
What is a notable characteristic of separate evaluation compared to joint evaluation?
In the context of gambling bets, what outcome tends to favor joint evaluation?
In the context of gambling bets, what outcome tends to favor joint evaluation?
Which of the following evaluation types is likely to elicit less surprise and ambiguity?
Which of the following evaluation types is likely to elicit less surprise and ambiguity?
What was the observed outcome for Vendor L's serving in a separate evaluation compared to joint evaluation?
What was the observed outcome for Vendor L's serving in a separate evaluation compared to joint evaluation?
In the Dishes Set experiment, what was the willingness to pay (WTP) for Set L compared to Set H in separate evaluation?
In the Dishes Set experiment, what was the willingness to pay (WTP) for Set L compared to Set H in separate evaluation?
What general trend was demonstrated in preferences between separate and joint evaluations?
What general trend was demonstrated in preferences between separate and joint evaluations?
How do people typically reassess their valuations of options when engaged in joint evaluation?
How do people typically reassess their valuations of options when engaged in joint evaluation?
What is a significant finding related to the reference points used in separate evaluation?
What is a significant finding related to the reference points used in separate evaluation?
What explains the higher valuation of low-value options in separate evaluations?
What explains the higher valuation of low-value options in separate evaluations?
What critical factor differentiates joint evaluation from separate evaluation?
What critical factor differentiates joint evaluation from separate evaluation?
Which evaluation mode tends to expose a preference for lower-value options based on available reference points?
Which evaluation mode tends to expose a preference for lower-value options based on available reference points?
What is the primary function of System 1 in the decision-making process?
What is the primary function of System 1 in the decision-making process?
What is a common outcome of overconfidence in judgment?
What is a common outcome of overconfidence in judgment?
How can the framing effect influence decision-making?
How can the framing effect influence decision-making?
What describes base-rate neglect in decision-making?
What describes base-rate neglect in decision-making?
Which characteristic is associated with normative decision theories?
Which characteristic is associated with normative decision theories?
What is a feature of the positive test strategy in hypothesis testing?
What is a feature of the positive test strategy in hypothesis testing?
What is a common cognitive bias related to decision-making under uncertainty?
What is a common cognitive bias related to decision-making under uncertainty?
What does the term 'coherence seeking' imply in the context of judgment?
What does the term 'coherence seeking' imply in the context of judgment?
What describes a hard-to-evaluate attribute?
What describes a hard-to-evaluate attribute?
What is the main influence on people's evaluation of a gift when compared to others in the same category?
What is the main influence on people's evaluation of a gift when compared to others in the same category?
In separate evaluation, what is a limitation faced by decision makers?
In separate evaluation, what is a limitation faced by decision makers?
What distinguishes easy-to-evaluate attributes from hard-to-evaluate attributes?
What distinguishes easy-to-evaluate attributes from hard-to-evaluate attributes?
How does understanding the distribution information of an attribute affect decision-making?
How does understanding the distribution information of an attribute affect decision-making?
What is likely to happen to people's judgments when they only evaluate objects in isolation?
What is likely to happen to people's judgments when they only evaluate objects in isolation?
What hypothesis predicts that one's evaluation of a gift is influenced more by its relative position than by its actual price?
What hypothesis predicts that one's evaluation of a gift is influenced more by its relative position than by its actual price?
What is a typical response when participants evaluate a $55 wool coat compared to other coats priced from $50 to $500?
What is a typical response when participants evaluate a $55 wool coat compared to other coats priced from $50 to $500?
Under what conditions is jumping to conclusions considered efficient?
Under what conditions is jumping to conclusions considered efficient?
What bias is described as an uncritical acceptance of suggestions and exaggeration of improbable events?
What bias is described as an uncritical acceptance of suggestions and exaggeration of improbable events?
Which of the following best describes System 1's operation?
Which of the following best describes System 1's operation?
How does the Halo Effect influence perceptions of individuals?
How does the Halo Effect influence perceptions of individuals?
What is a major weakness of System 1 thinking when it comes to interpreting information?
What is a major weakness of System 1 thinking when it comes to interpreting information?
What allows System 2 to prevent errors that arise from System 1?
What allows System 2 to prevent errors that arise from System 1?
Which situation is most likely to lead to risky jumping to conclusions?
Which situation is most likely to lead to risky jumping to conclusions?
What is the primary measure of success for System 1?
What is the primary measure of success for System 1?
Flashcards
Easy Evaluation
Easy Evaluation
When evaluating something in isolation, we're more influenced by easily comparable attributes, even if less important, than by difficult-to-evaluate attributes, even if more crucial.
Easy-to-Evaluate Attribute
Easy-to-Evaluate Attribute
An attribute is easy to evaluate if we understand its typical range (distribution information). Example: knowing the price range of wool coats makes it easy to judge a $55 coat.
Hard-to-Evaluate Attribute
Hard-to-Evaluate Attribute
An attribute is hard to evaluate if we lack knowledge about its usual range. Example: without a price range, it's hard to know if a $55 gift is good or bad.
Reference Point Impact
Reference Point Impact
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Separate Evaluation
Separate Evaluation
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Joint Evaluation
Joint Evaluation
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Less-is-Better Effect
Less-is-Better Effect
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Reference Point
Reference Point
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Joint Evaluation Preference Reversal
Joint Evaluation Preference Reversal
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Dishes Set Experiment
Dishes Set Experiment
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Reference Point Variance
Reference Point Variance
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Reference Point Influence
Reference Point Influence
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Loss Aversion
Loss Aversion
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Diminishing Sensitivity
Diminishing Sensitivity
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Reference Dependence & Loss Aversion: Problem 3 & 4
Reference Dependence & Loss Aversion: Problem 3 & 4
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Asian Disease Problem
Asian Disease Problem
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Reference Dependence: Decision Frames
Reference Dependence: Decision Frames
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Loss Aversion: Risk Preferences
Loss Aversion: Risk Preferences
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Diminishing Sensitivity: Value of Money
Diminishing Sensitivity: Value of Money
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Thinking Errors
Thinking Errors
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Affect Heuristic
Affect Heuristic
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Intuitive Heuristics
Intuitive Heuristics
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Expert Intuition
Expert Intuition
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Intuition and Complexity
Intuition and Complexity
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Slow Thinking (System 2)
Slow Thinking (System 2)
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Prospect Theory
Prospect Theory
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Prospect Theory Article
Prospect Theory Article
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Cognitive Ease
Cognitive Ease
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Heuristic
Heuristic
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Syllogistic Reasoning
Syllogistic Reasoning
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Confirmation Bias
Confirmation Bias
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Memory Retrieval
Memory Retrieval
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System 2 Thinking
System 2 Thinking
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System 1 Thinking
System 1 Thinking
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Cognitive Effort
Cognitive Effort
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Negative Framing Effect
Negative Framing Effect
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Positive Framing Effect
Positive Framing Effect
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Prospect Theory's Disappointment Blind Spot
Prospect Theory's Disappointment Blind Spot
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Prospect Theory's Regret Blind Spot
Prospect Theory's Regret Blind Spot
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Regret Anticipation
Regret Anticipation
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Comparison Impact on Value
Comparison Impact on Value
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Serial Bottleneck
Serial Bottleneck
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Early-Selection vs. Late-Selection Theories
Early-Selection vs. Late-Selection Theories
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Attention
Attention
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Stimulus-Driven Attention
Stimulus-Driven Attention
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Goal-Directed Attention
Goal-Directed Attention
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Executive Control
Executive Control
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Memory for Meaningful Interpretations
Memory for Meaningful Interpretations
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Multimodal Hypothesis
Multimodal Hypothesis
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Amodal Hypothesis
Amodal Hypothesis
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Categorization
Categorization
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Semantic Networks
Semantic Networks
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Isa Links
Isa Links
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Semantic Network Retrieval Time
Semantic Network Retrieval Time
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Categorization Biases
Categorization Biases
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Schema
Schema
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Degree of Category Membership
Degree of Category Membership
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Category Rating Experiment
Category Rating Experiment
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Cup Experiment
Cup Experiment
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Cup/Bowl Usage Analysis
Cup/Bowl Usage Analysis
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Fact Association with Concepts
Fact Association with Concepts
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Direct vs. Inferred Fact Retrieval
Direct vs. Inferred Fact Retrieval
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Schema Default Values
Schema Default Values
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Schema Inference
Schema Inference
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Schema Part Hierarchy
Schema Part Hierarchy
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Psychological Reality of Schemas
Psychological Reality of Schemas
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Schema-driven Perception
Schema-driven Perception
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Psychophysical Law
Psychophysical Law
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Decreasing Marginal Utility
Decreasing Marginal Utility
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Logarithmic Law
Logarithmic Law
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Power Law
Power Law
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Subjective Value of Money
Subjective Value of Money
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Cramer's Conjecture
Cramer's Conjecture
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Bernoulli's Hypothesis
Bernoulli's Hypothesis
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Concave Downward Curve
Concave Downward Curve
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Bernoulli's Logarithmic Function
Bernoulli's Logarithmic Function
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Cramer's Power Function
Cramer's Power Function
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Diminishing Marginal Utility
Diminishing Marginal Utility
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Fechner's Law
Fechner's Law
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Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
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Prothetic Continuum
Prothetic Continuum
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Metathetic Continuum
Metathetic Continuum
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Psychophysical Power Law
Psychophysical Power Law
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Preference Reversal
Preference Reversal
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Judgment Within Categories
Judgment Within Categories
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Joint Evaluation Favors System 2
Joint Evaluation Favors System 2
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Separate Evaluation Favors System 1
Separate Evaluation Favors System 1
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What is System 1?
What is System 1?
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What is System 2?
What is System 2?
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How does System 1 make conclusions?
How does System 1 make conclusions?
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How can System 2 intervene in System 1 decisions?
How can System 2 intervene in System 1 decisions?
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How does experience influence System 1?
How does experience influence System 1?
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How does System 1 affect our beliefs?
How does System 1 affect our beliefs?
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What is the Halo Effect?
What is the Halo Effect?
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How does System 1 work with limited information?
How does System 1 work with limited information?
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System 1 vs. System 2
System 1 vs. System 2
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Availability Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
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Availability Bias
Availability Bias
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Overconfidence Bias
Overconfidence Bias
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Framing Effects
Framing Effects
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Joint vs. Separate Evaluation
Joint vs. Separate Evaluation
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Comparing Separate and Joint Evaluation
Comparing Separate and Joint Evaluation
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System 1 & 2 in Evaluation
System 1 & 2 in Evaluation
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What is the Less-is-Better Effect?
What is the Less-is-Better Effect?
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How does Ease of Evaluation impact the Less-is-Better Effect?
How does Ease of Evaluation impact the Less-is-Better Effect?
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What is the Role of Reference Points in the Less-is-Better Effect?
What is the Role of Reference Points in the Less-is-Better Effect?
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When is the Less-is-Better effect unlikely?
When is the Less-is-Better effect unlikely?
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How do separate vs joint evaluations affect preference?
How do separate vs joint evaluations affect preference?
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Study Notes
Serial Bottlenecks in Information Processing
- Psychologists propose serial bottlenecks in human information processing, where parallel processing is no longer possible.
- Bottlenecks occur at specific points where processing everything in parallel is impossible.
- Example: Walking and chewing gum simultaneously is possible, but trying to do two things at once using the same motor system is difficult.
Theories of Attentional Bottlenecks
- Early selection theories suggest bottlenecks occur early in the processing of information.
- Late selection theories suggest bottlenecks occur later, after information has been selected.
- Attentional processes are responsible for selecting relevant information at bottlenecks.
Stimulus-Driven vs. Goal-Directed Attention
- Stimulus-driven attention is triggered by external stimuli.
- Goal-directed attention is focused on specific, predetermined goals.
- Neural imaging research indicates that goal-directed attention is more left-lateralized, while stimulus-driven is more right-lateralized.
- Prefrontal regions, especially the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, are crucial in executive control.
Memory for Meaningful Interpretations of Events
- People are more sensitive to meaningful changes in pictures rather than noticing minor details.
- The focus on meaning not detail demonstrates a higher-level processing of information to construct a complete, meaningful interpretation of events.
Multimodal Hypothesis vs. Amodal Hypothesis
- Multimodal hypothesis: Representations are tied to various perceptual and motor systems with direct conversion between them. Example: converting a visual representation to a motor representation.
- Amodal hypothesis: Representations are converted into abstract representations of significance before being converted to a motor representation.
- Information is retained in the central meaning system. Example: The central meaning system retains this information in the amodal hypothesis.
Categorization and Semantic Networks
- Categorization simplifies perception and cognition based on similarities in relationships among objects or features.
- Categorical knowledge is represented in a network structure with a certain hierarchical structure
- Semantic networks store information on specific entities in an organized manner (canaries, birds, etc.)
- Nodes for categories linked w/ isa links to represent hierarchy (e.g., canary is-a bird is-a animal)
Schemas
- Schema capture general knowledge about a concept.
- Organize concepts through slots and values.
- Example of a schema for "House": attributes (parts, materials) with their associated values (rooms, wood, brick).
- Helps generalize categorical knowledge of a concept rather than explicitly list all features.
Psychological Reality of Schemas
- Schemas influence recall by default assumptions.
- Schemas affect memory for specific, but not all, features of a location.
- Example: 29/30 participants recalled chairs, desks, and walls when describing a room even though these were not present. Implies pre-set expectations.
- Schemas allow deviation from typical cases. For example, apples are categorized as fruit more readily than watermelons, and robins more readily than chickens.
- People's judgment about atypical objects varies greatly. For instance, people had disagreements about whether a stroke is a disease.
The Psychophysical Law
- Describes the relationship between stimulus intensity and subjective sensation intensity.
- Logarithmic and power laws are two competing theories describing the relationship.
- Utility represents subjective value from a stimulus, like money; where the magnitude of utility lessens as the dollar value increases. Example: The subjective value attaching to a sum of money decreases as the sum increases.
Fechner's Law
- Mathematical relationship between stimulus and sensation.
- Describes that as stimulus increases geometrically, sensation increases arithmetically.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of serial bottlenecks in human information processing as proposed by psychologists. It covers theories of attentional bottlenecks, distinguishing between early and late selection, and discusses stimulus-driven versus goal-directed attention. Test your understanding of these significant cognitive processes.
