Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a primary focus of bottleneck theories of attention?
What is a primary focus of bottleneck theories of attention?
In the context of attention, what is the significance of early vs. late selection theories?
In the context of attention, what is the significance of early vs. late selection theories?
Why is it important to understand attention in the context of learning?
Why is it important to understand attention in the context of learning?
What implication does the capacity limitation of attention have on daily activities?
What implication does the capacity limitation of attention have on daily activities?
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What does the statement 'we need to select just one face at a time to attend to' illustrate about face-processing systems?
What does the statement 'we need to select just one face at a time to attend to' illustrate about face-processing systems?
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How does attention impact memory for location-related details?
How does attention impact memory for location-related details?
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What is Posner cueing primarily associated with?
What is Posner cueing primarily associated with?
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Which of the following statements about goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention is true?
Which of the following statements about goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention is true?
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Which phenomenon demonstrates how hearing one's own name can affect attention?
Which phenomenon demonstrates how hearing one's own name can affect attention?
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What is the effect of unconscious presentation of an erotic image on a tilt judgment task?
What is the effect of unconscious presentation of an erotic image on a tilt judgment task?
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Which question does Attention Schema Theory of Consciousness seek to address?
Which question does Attention Schema Theory of Consciousness seek to address?
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What is indicated by the phenomenon where people can report thoughts that were not actively attended to?
What is indicated by the phenomenon where people can report thoughts that were not actively attended to?
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In the context of attention redirection, what role does long-term memory play?
In the context of attention redirection, what role does long-term memory play?
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What is the main idea of selection-for-action theories regarding mental capacity?
What is the main idea of selection-for-action theories regarding mental capacity?
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According to Feature Integration Theory, what role does attention play in processing stimuli?
According to Feature Integration Theory, what role does attention play in processing stimuli?
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What phenomenon occurs when unattended shapes lead to incorrect feature combinations?
What phenomenon occurs when unattended shapes lead to incorrect feature combinations?
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What does Treisman's theory suggest about unattended features during processing?
What does Treisman's theory suggest about unattended features during processing?
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In the context of change blindness, what misconception do people commonly have about their attention?
In the context of change blindness, what misconception do people commonly have about their attention?
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What type of attentional filter refers to differences in how we attend to various sensory modalities?
What type of attentional filter refers to differences in how we attend to various sensory modalities?
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What experimental strategy did Gray and Wedderburn use to demonstrate the handling of unattended information?
What experimental strategy did Gray and Wedderburn use to demonstrate the handling of unattended information?
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What is the implication of the findings related to distracted driving and attention?
What is the implication of the findings related to distracted driving and attention?
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Study Notes
Quiz Policies
- Quiz answers must be original work; do not discuss answers with others before class.
- Students may consult readings during quizzes.
- Quizzes may be taken outside the classroom, but no attendance credit will be given.
- The lowest four quiz grades will be dropped.
Midterm Information
- Midterm grades are available online.
- The median score was 41/48, equating to 85%.
- Students can review questions with their TA.
- Paper #2 proposal is due November 7th.
Class Schedule
- There is no class on Monday, November 4th.
- The next class is Wednesday, November 6th.
Theories of Attention
- Bottleneck Theories: Parts of the mind have limited capacity, requiring filtering of environmental information. For example, our face processing system can only process one face at a time, so other faces must be filtered out.
- Early vs. Late Selection: Debate on whether filtering occurs early or late in the process (sensory systems vs. later stages like semantics).
- Selection-for-Action Theories: The problem is not a lack of capacity, but the massive amount of information. Processing everything causes interference, making it difficult to respond appropriately.
- Feature Integration Theory (FIT): Attention is necessary to combine features (e.g., color, shape) of a stimulus. Without attention, these features are jumbled in working memory.
- Illusory Conjunctions: Inattention can lead to combining features of unattended stimuli in incorrect ways.
- Filtering vs. Attenuation: Attended features are not fully filtered out but simply diminished in strength (attenuated).
- Change Blindness: The scope of attention is limited, even in real-world situations. People tend to overestimate how much information they are paying attention to, leading to failures of 'meta-cognition', as seen in distracted driving.
Taxonomy of Attention
- External Attention: Focuses on features/objects/locations/modalities/time.
- Internal Attention: Task rules/responses/working memory/long-term memory.
Stimulus-driven vs Goal-directed
- External factors: Attention can be drawn to stimulus features (Posner cueing), like hearing one's own name during dichotic listening, or an erotic image presented in the visual field.
- Internal factors: Attention is also guided by internal goals.
Attention & Consciousness
- Is attention necessary for consciousness?
- Is attention sufficient to create conscious awareness?
- Can attention change how conscious experiences occur?
Attention Schema Theory
- Effective control requires a mental model (schema) of the system (e.g., body schema).
- Applying this model to the attentional system creates consciousness.
- Attention can occur without conscious awareness if the model of attention isn’t perfect.
Exploiting Attention: Magic
- Magicians manipulate attention to create illusions by taking advantage of inattention.
Attention Theory of Cinematic Continuity
- Editing techniques seamlessly transfer attention across cuts, using visual cues.
Summary of Attention Study
- Different attention theories have various explanations for how attention operates. This includes how we limit our focus and what happens when we do not pay attention.
- Attention can be influenced from internal or external factors.
- Attention is not the same as consciousness; this is a subject of ongoing debate.
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Description
This quiz focuses on theories of attention, including bottleneck theories and the debate over early vs. late selection in information processing. It will help you solidify your understanding before the midterm exam. Be prepared to refer back to readings and class materials.
