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Questions and Answers
Which plasma protein system is responsible for direct destruction of pathogens and contribution to the inflammatory response?
Which plasma protein system is responsible for direct destruction of pathogens and contribution to the inflammatory response?
What is the main function of the kinin system?
What is the main function of the kinin system?
Which plasma protein system includes enzymes that circulate in an inactive or ‘proenzyme’ state?
Which plasma protein system includes enzymes that circulate in an inactive or ‘proenzyme’ state?
What is the end goal of the complement system?
What is the end goal of the complement system?
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Which plasma protein system includes components that are usually short-lived and rapidly deactivated?
Which plasma protein system includes components that are usually short-lived and rapidly deactivated?
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What role does the clotting system play in immunity and inflammation?
What role does the clotting system play in immunity and inflammation?
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Which component of the complement cascade is the most potent opsonin?
Which component of the complement cascade is the most potent opsonin?
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Which component of the complement cascade causes rapid degranulation of mast cells?
Which component of the complement cascade causes rapid degranulation of mast cells?
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Which pathway of the complement cascade is activated by antibodies and requires at least two Ag-Ab complexes to initiate the cascade?
Which pathway of the complement cascade is activated by antibodies and requires at least two Ag-Ab complexes to initiate the cascade?
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Which pathway of the complement cascade is activated by gram negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides, and begins with activation of C3b?
Which pathway of the complement cascade is activated by gram negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides, and begins with activation of C3b?
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Which plasma protein system interacts closely with the clotting system and is initiated by activated factor XII?
Which plasma protein system interacts closely with the clotting system and is initiated by activated factor XII?
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What is the end result of the kinin system cascade?
What is the end result of the kinin system cascade?
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'Emigration of Leukocytes' involves which process where leukocytes are encouraged to move into the tissue where the injury has occurred?
'Emigration of Leukocytes' involves which process where leukocytes are encouraged to move into the tissue where the injury has occurred?
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'Permeability Changes' involves examples of chemical mediators that bind to endothelial cells to cause retraction, including histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes. What do these mediators cause when they bind to receptors on the endothelial cells?
'Permeability Changes' involves examples of chemical mediators that bind to endothelial cells to cause retraction, including histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes. What do these mediators cause when they bind to receptors on the endothelial cells?
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Which component of the complement cascade causes vasodilation and increased permeability by smooth muscle relaxation?
Which component of the complement cascade causes vasodilation and increased permeability by smooth muscle relaxation?
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Which component of the clotting system provides the link between the coagulation system and inflammation?
Which component of the clotting system provides the link between the coagulation system and inflammation?
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Which plasma protein works with the complement cascade to activate C3a and C5a, causing the release of histamine?
Which plasma protein works with the complement cascade to activate C3a and C5a, causing the release of histamine?
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Which factor activates prekallekrein in the kinin cascade?
Which factor activates prekallekrein in the kinin cascade?
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What is the result of proteins and molecules being able to leave the blood vessel quite freely?
What is the result of proteins and molecules being able to leave the blood vessel quite freely?
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What is the consequence of a loss of fluid from the intravascular space?
What is the consequence of a loss of fluid from the intravascular space?
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What is the primary aim of acute inflammation?
What is the primary aim of acute inflammation?
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What are the five classic signs of inflammation?
What are the five classic signs of inflammation?
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What initiates the cellular stage of acute inflammation?
What initiates the cellular stage of acute inflammation?
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What are exudates composed of in acute inflammation?
What are exudates composed of in acute inflammation?
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What is one of the first mediators of an inflammatory response?
What is one of the first mediators of an inflammatory response?
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What causes vasodilation, promotes leukocyte chemotaxis, and augments phagocytosis in acute inflammation?
What causes vasodilation, promotes leukocyte chemotaxis, and augments phagocytosis in acute inflammation?
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What is released in response to a variety of stimuli and causes dilation and increased permeability of capillaries in acute inflammation?
What is released in response to a variety of stimuli and causes dilation and increased permeability of capillaries in acute inflammation?
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What causes an increase in capillary permeability and stimulates pain receptors in acute inflammation?
What causes an increase in capillary permeability and stimulates pain receptors in acute inflammation?
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What traps exudates, microorganisms, and foreign bodies in acute inflammation?
What traps exudates, microorganisms, and foreign bodies in acute inflammation?
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What are the two overlapping stages of acute inflammation?
What are the two overlapping stages of acute inflammation?
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What is the primary effect of histamine on endothelial cells?
What is the primary effect of histamine on endothelial cells?
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Which mediator is similar to histamine in causing smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability?
Which mediator is similar to histamine in causing smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability?
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What is the function of thromboxane A2?
What is the function of thromboxane A2?
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What is the role of leukotrienes in the inflammatory response?
What is the role of leukotrienes in the inflammatory response?
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Which mediator is capable of fusing with phagocytes for the purpose of destroying foreign invaders?
Which mediator is capable of fusing with phagocytes for the purpose of destroying foreign invaders?
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What do prostaglandins promote during the inflammatory response?
What do prostaglandins promote during the inflammatory response?
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What is the primary function of platelet activating factor (PAF)?
What is the primary function of platelet activating factor (PAF)?
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What is the role of cytokines and chemokines in inflammation and immunity?
What is the role of cytokines and chemokines in inflammation and immunity?
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What is the primary role of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?
What is the primary role of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?
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What is the impact of impaired production of Nitric Oxide on inflammation?
What is the impact of impaired production of Nitric Oxide on inflammation?
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What is the impact of release of high levels of oxygen-free radicals during inflammation?
What is the impact of release of high levels of oxygen-free radicals during inflammation?
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What is the main cause of redness at the site of injury?
What is the main cause of redness at the site of injury?
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What is the main cause of edema at the site of injury?
What is the main cause of edema at the site of injury?
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What is the main cause of pain at the site of injury?
What is the main cause of pain at the site of injury?
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What is the main cause of pus formation?
What is the main cause of pus formation?
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What process involves the formation of a thrombus?
What process involves the formation of a thrombus?
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What is the primary goal of opsonization in phagocytosis?
What is the primary goal of opsonization in phagocytosis?
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What is the main role of alpha-1 antitrypsin in phagocytosis?
What is the main role of alpha-1 antitrypsin in phagocytosis?
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What initiates the formation of a phagolysosome during phagocytosis?
What initiates the formation of a phagolysosome during phagocytosis?
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What allows leukocytes to move in response to a chemical gradient caused by chemokines, bacterial and cellular debris, and protein fragments derived from the complement system?
What allows leukocytes to move in response to a chemical gradient caused by chemokines, bacterial and cellular debris, and protein fragments derived from the complement system?
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'Engulfment' in phagocytosis refers to:
'Engulfment' in phagocytosis refers to:
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What is the primary function of the endothelial cells in the context of inflammation?
What is the primary function of the endothelial cells in the context of inflammation?
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What is the primary role of platelets in the context of inflammation?
What is the primary role of platelets in the context of inflammation?
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What is the main function of neutrophils in acute inflammation?
What is the main function of neutrophils in acute inflammation?
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What is the primary effect of dilation of blood vessels in acute inflammation?
What is the primary effect of dilation of blood vessels in acute inflammation?
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What is the impact of increased capillary permeability in acute inflammation?
What is the impact of increased capillary permeability in acute inflammation?
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What is the primary aim of acute inflammation?
What is the primary aim of acute inflammation?
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What do endothelial cells do to regulate leukocyte extravasation?
What do endothelial cells do to regulate leukocyte extravasation?
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What triggers the production of adhesion molecules on the surface of many cells during inflammation?
What triggers the production of adhesion molecules on the surface of many cells during inflammation?
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'Hemostasis' primarily refers to which action performed by platelets during inflammation?
'Hemostasis' primarily refers to which action performed by platelets during inflammation?
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'Chemotactic factors' play a role in attracting which type of cells to the site of injury during inflammation?
'Chemotactic factors' play a role in attracting which type of cells to the site of injury during inflammation?
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'Phagocytosis' primarily refers to which action performed by neutrophils during inflammation?
'Phagocytosis' primarily refers to which action performed by neutrophils during inflammation?
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'Increased metabolic rate' during inflammation mainly leads to what outcome?
'Increased metabolic rate' during inflammation mainly leads to what outcome?
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What are exudates composed mainly composed off in acute inflammation?
What are exudates composed mainly composed off in acute inflammation?
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Study Notes
Plasma Protein Systems
- The complement system is responsible for direct destruction of pathogens and contributes to the inflammatory response.
- The kinin system's main function is to interact with the clotting system and initiate the inflammatory response.
- The clotting system plays a role in immunity and inflammation by interacting with the kinin system and initiating the inflammatory response.
Complement System
- The end goal of the complement system is to destroy pathogens and contribute to the inflammatory response.
- The complement system includes components that are usually short-lived and rapidly deactivated.
- C3b is the most potent opsonin in the complement cascade.
- C3a causes rapid degranulation of mast cells.
- The classical pathway of the complement cascade is activated by antibodies and requires at least two Ag-Ab complexes to initiate the cascade.
- The alternative pathway of the complement cascade is activated by gram-negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides, and begins with the activation of C3b.
Kinin System
- The end result of the kinin system cascade is the release of bradykinin, which causes vasodilation and increased permeability.
- Factor XII activates prekallekrein in the kinin cascade.
Inflammation
- The primary aim of acute inflammation is to eliminate the source of injury and restore tissue homeostasis.
- The five classic signs of inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
- Emigration of leukocytes involves the process of diapedesis, where leukocytes are encouraged to move into the tissue where the injury has occurred.
- Permeability changes involve the binding of chemical mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes to endothelial cells, causing retraction and increased permeability.
- The result of proteins and molecules being able to leave the blood vessel quite freely is edema.
- The consequence of a loss of fluid from the intravascular space is hypotension.
Mediators of Inflammation
- Histamine causes vasodilation and increased permeability by smooth muscle relaxation.
- Bradykinin causes vasodilation, promotes leukocyte chemotaxis, and augments phagocytosis.
- Leukotrienes stimulate pain receptors and increase capillary permeability.
- Prostaglandins promote vasodilation, pain, and increased permeability.
- Platelet-activating factor (PAF) promotes platelet activation and leukocyte chemotaxis.
- Cytokines and chemokines play a role in inflammation and immunity by attracting leukocytes to the site of injury.
- Nitric oxide has a primary role in inflammation by promoting vasodilation and reducing inflammation.
Phagocytosis
- The primary goal of opsonization in phagocytosis is to facilitate the recognition and engulfment of foreign particles by phagocytic cells.
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin plays a role in phagocytosis by inhibiting proteases and preventing damage to tissues.
- The formation of a phagolysosome during phagocytosis is initiated by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome.
- Engulfment in phagocytosis refers to the process of phagocytic cells surrounding and internalizing foreign particles.
Cellular Response
- The primary function of endothelial cells in the context of inflammation is to regulate leukocyte extravasation.
- The primary role of platelets in the context of inflammation is to form a thrombus and promote hemostasis.
- The main function of neutrophils in acute inflammation is to phagocytose foreign particles and bacteria.
- The primary effect of dilation of blood vessels in acute inflammation is increased blood flow to the site of injury.
- The impact of increased capillary permeability in acute inflammation is edema and protein loss.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the inflammatory response with questions about the causes and effects of heat, redness, edema, and pain at the site of injury. Explore the physiological mechanisms involved in the body's natural defense process.