Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
Which plasma protein system is responsible for direct destruction of pathogens and contribution to the inflammatory response?
What is the main function of the kinin system?
Which plasma protein system includes enzymes that circulate in an inactive or ‘proenzyme’ state?
What is the end goal of the complement system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which plasma protein system includes components that are usually short-lived and rapidly deactivated?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does the clotting system play in immunity and inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of the complement cascade is the most potent opsonin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of the complement cascade causes rapid degranulation of mast cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which pathway of the complement cascade is activated by antibodies and requires at least two Ag-Ab complexes to initiate the cascade?
Signup and view all the answers
Which pathway of the complement cascade is activated by gram negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides, and begins with activation of C3b?
Signup and view all the answers
Which plasma protein system interacts closely with the clotting system and is initiated by activated factor XII?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the end result of the kinin system cascade?
Signup and view all the answers
'Emigration of Leukocytes' involves which process where leukocytes are encouraged to move into the tissue where the injury has occurred?
Signup and view all the answers
'Permeability Changes' involves examples of chemical mediators that bind to endothelial cells to cause retraction, including histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes. What do these mediators cause when they bind to receptors on the endothelial cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of the complement cascade causes vasodilation and increased permeability by smooth muscle relaxation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of the clotting system provides the link between the coagulation system and inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which plasma protein works with the complement cascade to activate C3a and C5a, causing the release of histamine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor activates prekallekrein in the kinin cascade?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of proteins and molecules being able to leave the blood vessel quite freely?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of a loss of fluid from the intravascular space?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary aim of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the five classic signs of inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What initiates the cellular stage of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What are exudates composed of in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the first mediators of an inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes vasodilation, promotes leukocyte chemotaxis, and augments phagocytosis in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is released in response to a variety of stimuli and causes dilation and increased permeability of capillaries in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes an increase in capillary permeability and stimulates pain receptors in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What traps exudates, microorganisms, and foreign bodies in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two overlapping stages of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of histamine on endothelial cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mediator is similar to histamine in causing smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of thromboxane A2?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of leukotrienes in the inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mediator is capable of fusing with phagocytes for the purpose of destroying foreign invaders?
Signup and view all the answers
What do prostaglandins promote during the inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of platelet activating factor (PAF)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of cytokines and chemokines in inflammation and immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the impact of impaired production of Nitric Oxide on inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the impact of release of high levels of oxygen-free radicals during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main cause of redness at the site of injury?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main cause of edema at the site of injury?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main cause of pain at the site of injury?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main cause of pus formation?
Signup and view all the answers
What process involves the formation of a thrombus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of opsonization in phagocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main role of alpha-1 antitrypsin in phagocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What initiates the formation of a phagolysosome during phagocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What allows leukocytes to move in response to a chemical gradient caused by chemokines, bacterial and cellular debris, and protein fragments derived from the complement system?
Signup and view all the answers
'Engulfment' in phagocytosis refers to:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the endothelial cells in the context of inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of platelets in the context of inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of neutrophils in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of dilation of blood vessels in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the impact of increased capillary permeability in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary aim of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What do endothelial cells do to regulate leukocyte extravasation?
Signup and view all the answers
What triggers the production of adhesion molecules on the surface of many cells during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
'Hemostasis' primarily refers to which action performed by platelets during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
'Chemotactic factors' play a role in attracting which type of cells to the site of injury during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
'Phagocytosis' primarily refers to which action performed by neutrophils during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
'Increased metabolic rate' during inflammation mainly leads to what outcome?
Signup and view all the answers
What are exudates composed mainly composed off in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Plasma Protein Systems
- The complement system is responsible for direct destruction of pathogens and contributes to the inflammatory response.
- The kinin system's main function is to interact with the clotting system and initiate the inflammatory response.
- The clotting system plays a role in immunity and inflammation by interacting with the kinin system and initiating the inflammatory response.
Complement System
- The end goal of the complement system is to destroy pathogens and contribute to the inflammatory response.
- The complement system includes components that are usually short-lived and rapidly deactivated.
- C3b is the most potent opsonin in the complement cascade.
- C3a causes rapid degranulation of mast cells.
- The classical pathway of the complement cascade is activated by antibodies and requires at least two Ag-Ab complexes to initiate the cascade.
- The alternative pathway of the complement cascade is activated by gram-negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides, and begins with the activation of C3b.
Kinin System
- The end result of the kinin system cascade is the release of bradykinin, which causes vasodilation and increased permeability.
- Factor XII activates prekallekrein in the kinin cascade.
Inflammation
- The primary aim of acute inflammation is to eliminate the source of injury and restore tissue homeostasis.
- The five classic signs of inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
- Emigration of leukocytes involves the process of diapedesis, where leukocytes are encouraged to move into the tissue where the injury has occurred.
- Permeability changes involve the binding of chemical mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes to endothelial cells, causing retraction and increased permeability.
- The result of proteins and molecules being able to leave the blood vessel quite freely is edema.
- The consequence of a loss of fluid from the intravascular space is hypotension.
Mediators of Inflammation
- Histamine causes vasodilation and increased permeability by smooth muscle relaxation.
- Bradykinin causes vasodilation, promotes leukocyte chemotaxis, and augments phagocytosis.
- Leukotrienes stimulate pain receptors and increase capillary permeability.
- Prostaglandins promote vasodilation, pain, and increased permeability.
- Platelet-activating factor (PAF) promotes platelet activation and leukocyte chemotaxis.
- Cytokines and chemokines play a role in inflammation and immunity by attracting leukocytes to the site of injury.
- Nitric oxide has a primary role in inflammation by promoting vasodilation and reducing inflammation.
Phagocytosis
- The primary goal of opsonization in phagocytosis is to facilitate the recognition and engulfment of foreign particles by phagocytic cells.
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin plays a role in phagocytosis by inhibiting proteases and preventing damage to tissues.
- The formation of a phagolysosome during phagocytosis is initiated by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome.
- Engulfment in phagocytosis refers to the process of phagocytic cells surrounding and internalizing foreign particles.
Cellular Response
- The primary function of endothelial cells in the context of inflammation is to regulate leukocyte extravasation.
- The primary role of platelets in the context of inflammation is to form a thrombus and promote hemostasis.
- The main function of neutrophils in acute inflammation is to phagocytose foreign particles and bacteria.
- The primary effect of dilation of blood vessels in acute inflammation is increased blood flow to the site of injury.
- The impact of increased capillary permeability in acute inflammation is edema and protein loss.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge of the inflammatory response with questions about the causes and effects of heat, redness, edema, and pain at the site of injury. Explore the physiological mechanisms involved in the body's natural defense process.