Inflammatory Response Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which plasma protein system is responsible for direct destruction of pathogens and contribution to the inflammatory response?

  • Complement system (correct)
  • Clotting system
  • Coagulation cascade
  • Kinin system

    • What is the main function of the kinin system?

  • Direct destruction of pathogens
  • Vasodilation and increasing vascular permeability (correct)
  • Enhancing activity of phagocytes
  • Activation of proenzymes

    • Which plasma protein system includes enzymes that circulate in an inactive or ‘proenzyme’ state?

  • Kinin system
  • Complement system
  • Coagulation cascade
  • Clotting system (correct)

    • What is the end goal of the complement system?

    <p>Activation and work with other components of the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein system includes components that are usually short-lived and rapidly deactivated?

    <p>Complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the clotting system play in immunity and inflammation?

    <p>Activation and work with other components of the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the complement cascade is the most potent opsonin?

    <p>C3b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the complement cascade causes rapid degranulation of mast cells?

    <p>C3a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway of the complement cascade is activated by antibodies and requires at least two Ag-Ab complexes to initiate the cascade?

    <p>Classical pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway of the complement cascade is activated by gram negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides, and begins with activation of C3b?

    <p>Alternative pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein system interacts closely with the clotting system and is initiated by activated factor XII?

    <p>Kinin system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of the kinin system cascade?

    <p>Production of bradykinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Emigration of Leukocytes' involves which process where leukocytes are encouraged to move into the tissue where the injury has occurred?

    <p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Permeability Changes' involves examples of chemical mediators that bind to endothelial cells to cause retraction, including histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes. What do these mediators cause when they bind to receptors on the endothelial cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the complement cascade causes vasodilation and increased permeability by smooth muscle relaxation?

    <p>C2b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the clotting system provides the link between the coagulation system and inflammation?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein works with the complement cascade to activate C3a and C5a, causing the release of histamine?

    <p>Plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor activates prekallekrein in the kinin cascade?

    <p>Factor XIIa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of proteins and molecules being able to leave the blood vessel quite freely?

    <p>Decrease in osmotic pressure within the blood vessel and edema of the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a loss of fluid from the intravascular space?

    <p>Increased blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of acute inflammation?

    <p>Removing the injury causing agent and limiting the extent of tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five classic signs of inflammation?

    <p>Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the cellular stage of acute inflammation?

    <p>Movement of phagocytic white blood cells into the area of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are exudates composed of in acute inflammation?

    <p>Serous fluid, red blood cells, fibrinogen or tissue debris, and white blood cell breakdown products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the first mediators of an inflammatory response?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes vasodilation, promotes leukocyte chemotaxis, and augments phagocytosis in acute inflammation?

    <p>Compliment cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released in response to a variety of stimuli and causes dilation and increased permeability of capillaries in acute inflammation?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an increase in capillary permeability and stimulates pain receptors in acute inflammation?

    <p>Kinins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What traps exudates, microorganisms, and foreign bodies in acute inflammation?

    <p>Clotting system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two overlapping stages of acute inflammation?

    <p>Vascular and cellular stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of histamine on endothelial cells?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mediator is similar to histamine in causing smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of thromboxane A2?

    <p>Promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of leukotrienes in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Increase vascular permeability and induce smooth muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mediator is capable of fusing with phagocytes for the purpose of destroying foreign invaders?

    <p>Lysosomal enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do prostaglandins promote during the inflammatory response?

    <p>Vasodilation and bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of platelet activating factor (PAF)?

    <p>Induce platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytokines and chemokines in inflammation and immunity?

    <p>Modulate the inflammatory response by affecting the function of target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?

    <p>Cause smooth muscle relaxation and antagonize platelet adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of impaired production of Nitric Oxide on inflammation?

    <p>Increases leukocyte rolling and adhesion to capillary venules leading to enhanced inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of release of high levels of oxygen-free radicals during inflammation?

    <p>Increases expression of cytokines enhancing the inflammatory process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of redness at the site of injury?

    <p>Increased movement of blood to the site of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of edema at the site of injury?

    <p>Increased capillary permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of pain at the site of injury?

    <p>Increased fluid in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of pus formation?

    <p>Death and breakdown of neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the formation of a thrombus?

    <p>Clotting cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of opsonization in phagocytosis?

    <p>To enhance adherence between the phagocyte and the target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of alpha-1 antitrypsin in phagocytosis?

    <p>To inhibit the destructive effects of released lysosomal contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the formation of a phagolysosome during phagocytosis?

    <p>'Tagging' or 'opsonization' by C3b and antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows leukocytes to move in response to a chemical gradient caused by chemokines, bacterial and cellular debris, and protein fragments derived from the complement system?

    <p>'Chemotactic factors' or 'chemoattractants'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Engulfment' in phagocytosis refers to:

    <p>'Process in which pseudopods surround and encircle the target, forming an intracellular phagocytic vacuole'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endothelial cells in the context of inflammation?

    <p>Regulate leukocyte extravasation through secretion of colony-stimulating factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of platelets in the context of inflammation?

    <p>Hemostasis or the stemming of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neutrophils in acute inflammation?

    <p>Chief phagocytic leukocytes involved in engulfing and destroying pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of dilation of blood vessels in acute inflammation?

    <p>Speed up delivery of inflammatory components to the site of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of increased capillary permeability in acute inflammation?

    <p>Movement of white cells, proteins, and nutrients out of blood vessels into the tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of acute inflammation?

    <p>Movement of all necessary blood and cellular components to the site of injury or insult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do endothelial cells do to regulate leukocyte extravasation?

    <p>Cause leukocytes to adhere to the endothelium through adhesion molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the production of adhesion molecules on the surface of many cells during inflammation?

    <p>'Biochemical mediators' from mast cells, plasma proteins, and dying cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Hemostasis' primarily refers to which action performed by platelets during inflammation?

    <p>'Stemming' or stopping blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Chemotactic factors' play a role in attracting which type of cells to the site of injury during inflammation?

    <p>'Phagocytic' leukocytes like macrophages and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Phagocytosis' primarily refers to which action performed by neutrophils during inflammation?

    <p>'Engulfing' and destroying pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Increased metabolic rate' during inflammation mainly leads to what outcome?

    <p>Increased heat production, oxygen consumption, and waste production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are exudates composed mainly composed off in acute inflammation?

    <p>Fluid, cells, proteins, and tissue debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plasma Protein Systems

    • The complement system is responsible for direct destruction of pathogens and contributes to the inflammatory response.
    • The kinin system's main function is to interact with the clotting system and initiate the inflammatory response.
    • The clotting system plays a role in immunity and inflammation by interacting with the kinin system and initiating the inflammatory response.

    Complement System

    • The end goal of the complement system is to destroy pathogens and contribute to the inflammatory response.
    • The complement system includes components that are usually short-lived and rapidly deactivated.
    • C3b is the most potent opsonin in the complement cascade.
    • C3a causes rapid degranulation of mast cells.
    • The classical pathway of the complement cascade is activated by antibodies and requires at least two Ag-Ab complexes to initiate the cascade.
    • The alternative pathway of the complement cascade is activated by gram-negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides, and begins with the activation of C3b.

    Kinin System

    • The end result of the kinin system cascade is the release of bradykinin, which causes vasodilation and increased permeability.
    • Factor XII activates prekallekrein in the kinin cascade.

    Inflammation

    • The primary aim of acute inflammation is to eliminate the source of injury and restore tissue homeostasis.
    • The five classic signs of inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
    • Emigration of leukocytes involves the process of diapedesis, where leukocytes are encouraged to move into the tissue where the injury has occurred.
    • Permeability changes involve the binding of chemical mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes to endothelial cells, causing retraction and increased permeability.
    • The result of proteins and molecules being able to leave the blood vessel quite freely is edema.
    • The consequence of a loss of fluid from the intravascular space is hypotension.

    Mediators of Inflammation

    • Histamine causes vasodilation and increased permeability by smooth muscle relaxation.
    • Bradykinin causes vasodilation, promotes leukocyte chemotaxis, and augments phagocytosis.
    • Leukotrienes stimulate pain receptors and increase capillary permeability.
    • Prostaglandins promote vasodilation, pain, and increased permeability.
    • Platelet-activating factor (PAF) promotes platelet activation and leukocyte chemotaxis.
    • Cytokines and chemokines play a role in inflammation and immunity by attracting leukocytes to the site of injury.
    • Nitric oxide has a primary role in inflammation by promoting vasodilation and reducing inflammation.

    Phagocytosis

    • The primary goal of opsonization in phagocytosis is to facilitate the recognition and engulfment of foreign particles by phagocytic cells.
    • Alpha-1 antitrypsin plays a role in phagocytosis by inhibiting proteases and preventing damage to tissues.
    • The formation of a phagolysosome during phagocytosis is initiated by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome.
    • Engulfment in phagocytosis refers to the process of phagocytic cells surrounding and internalizing foreign particles.

    Cellular Response

    • The primary function of endothelial cells in the context of inflammation is to regulate leukocyte extravasation.
    • The primary role of platelets in the context of inflammation is to form a thrombus and promote hemostasis.
    • The main function of neutrophils in acute inflammation is to phagocytose foreign particles and bacteria.
    • The primary effect of dilation of blood vessels in acute inflammation is increased blood flow to the site of injury.
    • The impact of increased capillary permeability in acute inflammation is edema and protein loss.

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    Plasma Protein Systems.docx

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the inflammatory response with questions about the causes and effects of heat, redness, edema, and pain at the site of injury. Explore the physiological mechanisms involved in the body's natural defense process.

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