Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the disadvantages of a fever according to the text?
What are the disadvantages of a fever according to the text?
- Fever can upregulate iron storage protein expression
- Fever helps prevent the spread of microorganisms
- Fever promotes the cellular immune response
- Increase in body temperature can denature cellular proteins (correct)
How does fever reduce iron availability for bacteria?
How does fever reduce iron availability for bacteria?
- By promoting the cellular immune response
- By downregulating iron storage protein expression
- By inducing redness and warmth at the injury site
- By increasing iron storage protein expression (correct)
Which of the following is a hallmark of inflammation according to the text?
Which of the following is a hallmark of inflammation according to the text?
- Increase in body temperature
- Reduction in iron availability
- Altered function at the injury site (correct)
- Prevention of the spread of microorganisms
What potential consequence can a body temperature above 42°C lead to?
What potential consequence can a body temperature above 42°C lead to?
How does slower growth of a pathogen benefit the immune system?
How does slower growth of a pathogen benefit the immune system?
Which process allows for antibodies to be produced to different antigens according to the text?
Which process allows for antibodies to be produced to different antigens according to the text?
What is the main function of selectins during the inflammatory response?
What is the main function of selectins during the inflammatory response?
Which molecules bind Integrins on the Neutrophil cell surface, leading to the initiation of extravasation?
Which molecules bind Integrins on the Neutrophil cell surface, leading to the initiation of extravasation?
During inflammation, what is the role of ICAM/VCAM on capillary endothelial cells?
During inflammation, what is the role of ICAM/VCAM on capillary endothelial cells?
Which molecules act to recruit platelets for clotting/coagulation during inflammation?
Which molecules act to recruit platelets for clotting/coagulation during inflammation?
Which component of the inflammatory response stimulates the release of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from Mast cells?
Which component of the inflammatory response stimulates the release of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from Mast cells?
Which type of cells release cytokines like IL-1 and TNFα in response to bacteria during inflammation?
Which type of cells release cytokines like IL-1 and TNFα in response to bacteria during inflammation?
Which of the following factors attract neutrophils to the site of entry during the inflammatory response?
Which of the following factors attract neutrophils to the site of entry during the inflammatory response?
What is the main cause of an increase in body temperature due to an infection?
What is the main cause of an increase in body temperature due to an infection?
How does fever inhibit bacterial growth?
How does fever inhibit bacterial growth?
Which of the following chemicals indirectly causes the hypothalamus to reset the normal temperature level during fever?
Which of the following chemicals indirectly causes the hypothalamus to reset the normal temperature level during fever?
What is the role of extravasation in the inflammatory response?
What is the role of extravasation in the inflammatory response?
What regulates body temperature in a healthy individual?
What regulates body temperature in a healthy individual?
Flashcards
How fever affects bacteria
How fever affects bacteria
Reduces iron availability for bacteria, hindering their growth.
Increased permeability
Increased permeability
A key sign of inflammation where blood vessels become more permeable.
Dangers of high fever
Dangers of high fever
Can result in protein denaturation and cell death.
Clonal selection
Clonal selection
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Selectins function
Selectins function
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ICAM/VCAM function
ICAM/VCAM function
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Chemokines and leukotrienes
Chemokines and leukotrienes
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Mast cells
Mast cells
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Macrophages & dendritic cells
Macrophages & dendritic cells
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Chemokines
Chemokines
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Cause of fever
Cause of fever
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Fever effects on bacteria
Fever effects on bacteria
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Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins
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Extravasation
Extravasation
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Benefits of slower pathogen growth
Benefits of slower pathogen growth
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Selectin-Integrin Binding
Selectin-Integrin Binding
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Study Notes
Fever and Inflammation
- Fever can have disadvantages, including dehydration, seizures, and brain damage.
- Fever reduces iron availability for bacteria by increasing the production of proteins that bind iron, limiting bacterial growth.
Inflammatory Response
- A hallmark of inflammation is the increased permeability of blood vessels.
- A body temperature above 42°C can lead to protein denaturation and cell death.
Immune Response
- Slower growth of a pathogen benefits the immune system by allowing more time for the immune response to develop.
- Clonal selection allows for antibodies to be produced to different antigens.
- Selectins are responsible for the rolling of neutrophils on endothelial cells during the inflammatory response.
- P-selectin and E-selectin on endothelial cells bind to Integrins on the Neutrophil cell surface, leading to the initiation of extravasation.
Inflammation Mechanisms
- ICAM/VCAM on capillary endothelial cells facilitate the adhesion of neutrophils during inflammation.
- Chemokines and leukotrienes act to recruit platelets for clotting/coagulation during inflammation.
- Mast cells release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins in response to stimulation by cytokines.
- Macrophages and dendritic cells release cytokines like IL-1 and TNFα in response to bacteria during inflammation.
- Chemokines attract neutrophils to the site of entry during the inflammatory response.
Fever Mechanisms
- The main cause of an increase in body temperature due to an infection is the release of pyrogens, such as IL-1 and TNFα.
- Fever inhibits bacterial growth by reducing iron availability and increasing the production of reactive oxygen species.
- Prostaglandins indirectly cause the hypothalamus to reset the normal temperature level during fever.
Inflammation Process
- Extravasation, the process of neutrophils migrating from the blood vessels to the site of infection, is a critical step in the inflammatory response.
- In a healthy individual, the hypothalamus regulates body temperature.
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