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Questions and Answers
What are the disadvantages of a fever according to the text?
What are the disadvantages of a fever according to the text?
How does fever reduce iron availability for bacteria?
How does fever reduce iron availability for bacteria?
Which of the following is a hallmark of inflammation according to the text?
Which of the following is a hallmark of inflammation according to the text?
What potential consequence can a body temperature above 42°C lead to?
What potential consequence can a body temperature above 42°C lead to?
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How does slower growth of a pathogen benefit the immune system?
How does slower growth of a pathogen benefit the immune system?
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Which process allows for antibodies to be produced to different antigens according to the text?
Which process allows for antibodies to be produced to different antigens according to the text?
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What is the main function of selectins during the inflammatory response?
What is the main function of selectins during the inflammatory response?
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Which molecules bind Integrins on the Neutrophil cell surface, leading to the initiation of extravasation?
Which molecules bind Integrins on the Neutrophil cell surface, leading to the initiation of extravasation?
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During inflammation, what is the role of ICAM/VCAM on capillary endothelial cells?
During inflammation, what is the role of ICAM/VCAM on capillary endothelial cells?
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Which molecules act to recruit platelets for clotting/coagulation during inflammation?
Which molecules act to recruit platelets for clotting/coagulation during inflammation?
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Which component of the inflammatory response stimulates the release of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from Mast cells?
Which component of the inflammatory response stimulates the release of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from Mast cells?
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Which type of cells release cytokines like IL-1 and TNFα in response to bacteria during inflammation?
Which type of cells release cytokines like IL-1 and TNFα in response to bacteria during inflammation?
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Which of the following factors attract neutrophils to the site of entry during the inflammatory response?
Which of the following factors attract neutrophils to the site of entry during the inflammatory response?
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What is the main cause of an increase in body temperature due to an infection?
What is the main cause of an increase in body temperature due to an infection?
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How does fever inhibit bacterial growth?
How does fever inhibit bacterial growth?
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Which of the following chemicals indirectly causes the hypothalamus to reset the normal temperature level during fever?
Which of the following chemicals indirectly causes the hypothalamus to reset the normal temperature level during fever?
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What is the role of extravasation in the inflammatory response?
What is the role of extravasation in the inflammatory response?
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What regulates body temperature in a healthy individual?
What regulates body temperature in a healthy individual?
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Study Notes
Fever and Inflammation
- Fever can have disadvantages, including dehydration, seizures, and brain damage.
- Fever reduces iron availability for bacteria by increasing the production of proteins that bind iron, limiting bacterial growth.
Inflammatory Response
- A hallmark of inflammation is the increased permeability of blood vessels.
- A body temperature above 42°C can lead to protein denaturation and cell death.
Immune Response
- Slower growth of a pathogen benefits the immune system by allowing more time for the immune response to develop.
- Clonal selection allows for antibodies to be produced to different antigens.
- Selectins are responsible for the rolling of neutrophils on endothelial cells during the inflammatory response.
- P-selectin and E-selectin on endothelial cells bind to Integrins on the Neutrophil cell surface, leading to the initiation of extravasation.
Inflammation Mechanisms
- ICAM/VCAM on capillary endothelial cells facilitate the adhesion of neutrophils during inflammation.
- Chemokines and leukotrienes act to recruit platelets for clotting/coagulation during inflammation.
- Mast cells release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins in response to stimulation by cytokines.
- Macrophages and dendritic cells release cytokines like IL-1 and TNFα in response to bacteria during inflammation.
- Chemokines attract neutrophils to the site of entry during the inflammatory response.
Fever Mechanisms
- The main cause of an increase in body temperature due to an infection is the release of pyrogens, such as IL-1 and TNFα.
- Fever inhibits bacterial growth by reducing iron availability and increasing the production of reactive oxygen species.
- Prostaglandins indirectly cause the hypothalamus to reset the normal temperature level during fever.
Inflammation Process
- Extravasation, the process of neutrophils migrating from the blood vessels to the site of infection, is a critical step in the inflammatory response.
- In a healthy individual, the hypothalamus regulates body temperature.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the inflammatory response mechanism involving the release of cytoplasmic contents, activation of enzymes like Kallikrein, and the role of Bradykinin in opening cell-cell junctions and stimulating immune cell responses. Brush up on your understanding of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins release during inflammation.
