Inflammatory Response

The initial response to injury or infection, characterized by rapid and localized events like redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

A long-lasting inflammatory response that persists for weeks, months, or even years. Often associated with unresolved acute inflammation, persistent infections, or autoimmune conditions.

Molecules released by necrotic cells that activate the immune system, essentially signaling danger.

Molecules found on pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, that are recognized by immune cells as foreign invaders.

Receptors on immune cells that recognize and bind to DAMPs or PAMPs, triggering the inflammatory response.

The widening of blood vessels during an inflammatory response, which increases blood flow to the injured area. This leads to redness and warmth.

The process where blood vessels become leaky in inflammation, allowing fluids, plasma proteins, and immune cells to escape into the surrounding tissues. This leads to swelling.

The first responders of the immune system, are white blood cells designed to engulf and destroy pathogens. They are a key component in the response.

A process where the body's immune system overreacts to its own tissues, leading to chronic inflammation.

Hormones, particularly estrogen, can influence the immune system's responses, potentially contributing to a different inflammatory response in women.

The formation of a protective wall of immune cells around an irritant, often seen in chronic inflammation.

Excessive scar tissue formation, often a consequence of chronic inflammation, leading to tissue damage and dysfunction.

Persistent exposure to irritants (like smoke or pollutants) can trigger and sustain chronic inflammation.

A process where neutrophils release their DNA to trap and kill pathogens. This net-like structure helps contain infection and prevents spread.

The body's way of cleaning up after an inflammatory response. Macrophages remove debris and dead cells, restoring balance to the affected area.

The process of rebuilding and repairing tissues damaged by inflammation. Fibroblasts and growth factors like VEGF promote tissue regeneration.

A prolonged and often persistent inflammatory response, often caused by ongoing irritants or infections. It can lead to tissue damage and fibrosis.

Organized collections of immune cells that form around a persistent infection. Macrophages fuse into giant cells surrounded by lymphocytes, effectively walling off the infection.

Inflammation is a biological process, not a contagious disease. However, infections that trigger inflammation, like tuberculosis, can be transmitted.

Factors that increase the risk of developing inflammation. These include smoking, obesity, diet, chemical exposure, and infections.

Factors that cannot be changed, such as age. Older individuals experience a phenomenon called inflammaging, characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation.