Inflammatory Response

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?

Vasodilation and leukocyte recruitment

Immediate response to injury

Pathogen clearance

Persistence of immune response (correct)

Which risk factor is associated with chronic inflammation?

Tissue injury

Autoimmune diseases (correct)

Acute infections

Burns

How does hormonal difference in sex potentially impact inflammation response?

Men have higher risk due to testosterone

Estrogen can inhibit all immune functions

Estrogen influences immune function (correct)

Women experience increased immune tolerance

Which of the following correctly identifies a cause of chronic inflammation?

Infection leading to granuloma formation Signup and view all the answers

What type of transmission is associated with both acute and chronic inflammation?

Not transmissible except in infectious diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)?

To trap and kill pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily responsible for the clearance of debris and dead cells after a pathogen is neutralized?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?

It is typically driven by ongoing irritants or infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a granuloma?

A collection of immune cells walling off an infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a modifiable risk factor for chronic inflammation?

Age Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is linked to obesity through its release of pro-inflammatory cytokines?

Metabolic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is often a consequence of persistent immune activation during chronic inflammation?

Excess collagen deposition Signup and view all the answers

Chronic inflammation is associated with which of the following diseases as a communicable condition?

Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the acute inflammatory response?

Injury or infection of tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which cells play a key role in recognizing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)?

Mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the vascular changes during acute inflammation?

Increased permeability of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to chronic inflammation?

Unresolved acute inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can contribute to granuloma formation?

Persistent infections like Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neutrophils during the acute inflammatory response?

To perform phagocytosis and release reactive oxygen species (ROS) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of chronic inflammation?

Short acute infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bradykinin and prostaglandins during the inflammatory response?

They promote pain sensation by sensitizing nerve fibers. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tissue Responses to Injury and Infection - Inflammatory Response

Acute Inflammatory Response:
- Triggered by tissue injury (cuts, bruises, burns) or pathogen invasion (bacteria, viruses, fungi).
- Necrotic cells release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activating the immune system.
- Microbial products (e.g., LPS from Gram-negative bacteria) activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs, like TLRs).
Chronic Inflammatory Response:
- Unresolved acute inflammation can become chronic.
- Persistent infections (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis) lead to chronic inflammation.
- Long-term exposure to irritants (e.g., pollutants, tobacco smoke).
- Autoimmune conditions trigger chronic immune responses against self-tissues.

Pathophysiology

Acute Inflammation:
- Recognition of DAMPs or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by immune cells (mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells).
- Vascular changes:
  - Vasodilation increases blood flow (redness, warmth).
  - Increased permeability allows immune cells and fluid to enter tissues (swelling).
  - Pain from nerve pressure and bradykinin/prostaglandins.
- Cellular events:
  - Mast cells release histamine, increasing vessel permeability.
  - Neutrophils (first responders) perform phagocytosis and release reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  - Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to capture and kill pathogens.
Chronic Inflammation
- Persistent immune response.
- Granuloma formation (organized collection of immune cells to contain infection).
- Tissue damage (fibrosis: excess collagen deposition, scarring) due to prolonged immune activity.

Transmission and Risk Factors

Transmission:
- Inflammation is a biological process, not a communicable disease.
- However, some infectious diseases triggering inflammation are transmissible.
Modifiable Risk Factors:
- Infections (bacteria, viruses, fungi).
- Smoking.
- Obesity (adipose tissue releases pro-inflammatory cytokines).
- Diet (high in saturated fats, refined sugars).
- Chemical exposures.
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors:
- Age (inflammaging - low-grade chronic inflammation).
- Genetics (predisposition to autoimmune diseases).
- Sex (differences in inflammatory response, influenced by hormones like estrogen).

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Description

Explore the dynamics of acute and chronic inflammatory responses in tissues following injury or infection. Understand the mechanisms that trigger inflammation, including DAMPs and PAMPs, and learn about the body's immune response. This quiz covers the pathophysiological aspects of inflammation relevant to both acute and chronic conditions.