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What is the main purpose of inflammatory mediators?
What is the main purpose of inflammatory mediators?
What is the role of active mediators in response to injurious stimuli?
What is the role of active mediators in response to injurious stimuli?
Which type of mediators are differentiated according to their origin into cell-derived and plasma-derived?
Which type of mediators are differentiated according to their origin into cell-derived and plasma-derived?
What is the effect of mediators on inflammatory cells?
What is the effect of mediators on inflammatory cells?
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How are inflammatory mediators characterized once activated?
How are inflammatory mediators characterized once activated?
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Which system's proteins can be activated by both microbes and damaged tissues to trigger inflammation?
Which system's proteins can be activated by both microbes and damaged tissues to trigger inflammation?
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What effect do mediators have on blood vessels during inflammation?
What effect do mediators have on blood vessels during inflammation?
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In addition to increasing vascular permeability, what else do microvascular changes during acute inflammation involve?
In addition to increasing vascular permeability, what else do microvascular changes during acute inflammation involve?
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What is a common characteristic of active mediators that distinguishes them from other substances?
What is a common characteristic of active mediators that distinguishes them from other substances?
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Which type of cytokines is produced by monocytes/macrophages?
Which type of cytokines is produced by monocytes/macrophages?
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What is the function of Interferons?
What is the function of Interferons?
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Which cytokines are key in acute inflammation?
Which cytokines are key in acute inflammation?
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What is the role of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?
What is the role of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?
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Which type of mediators circulate in an inactive form?
Which type of mediators circulate in an inactive form?
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What do activators do to plasma protein-derived mediators?
What do activators do to plasma protein-derived mediators?
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How many types of Interleukins are there?
How many types of Interleukins are there?
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Which cells are involved in the process of phagocytosis?
Which cells are involved in the process of phagocytosis?
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What are the three steps of phagocytosis?
What are the three steps of phagocytosis?
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In which type of inflammation do Monocytes and Macrophages play a predominant role?
In which type of inflammation do Monocytes and Macrophages play a predominant role?
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What is the predominant cell type in Acute Inflammation?
What is the predominant cell type in Acute Inflammation?
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Which type of immunity is associated with Acute Inflammation?
Which type of immunity is associated with Acute Inflammation?
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What is the duration of Chronic Inflammation compared to Acute Inflammation?
What is the duration of Chronic Inflammation compared to Acute Inflammation?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by persisting reactions to tissue injury?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by persisting reactions to tissue injury?
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What is the outcome of Chronic Inflammation compared to Acute Inflammation?
What is the outcome of Chronic Inflammation compared to Acute Inflammation?
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What is the main difference between Monocytes/Macrophages and Neutrophils in inflammation?
What is the main difference between Monocytes/Macrophages and Neutrophils in inflammation?
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What is the effect of vasoactive amines like histamine in inflammation?
What is the effect of vasoactive amines like histamine in inflammation?
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Where are vasoactive amines like histamine primarily sourced from in inflammation?
Where are vasoactive amines like histamine primarily sourced from in inflammation?
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Which cell-derived mediator of inflammation is responsible for mediating increased vascular permeability and chemotaxis?
Which cell-derived mediator of inflammation is responsible for mediating increased vascular permeability and chemotaxis?
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What is one of the key effects of Platelet-Activating Factors (PAF) in inflammation?
What is one of the key effects of Platelet-Activating Factors (PAF) in inflammation?
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Which mediator is involved in inducing vasodilatation, pain, and fever during inflammation?
Which mediator is involved in inducing vasodilatation, pain, and fever during inflammation?
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Where are Arachidonic Acid (AA) Metabolites primarily sourced from in inflammation?
Where are Arachidonic Acid (AA) Metabolites primarily sourced from in inflammation?
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What is the source of Platelet-Activating Factors (PAF) in inflammation?
What is the source of Platelet-Activating Factors (PAF) in inflammation?
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What is the role of vasoconstriction in the process of inflammation?
What is the role of vasoconstriction in the process of inflammation?
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Which cell-derived mediator of inflammation is involved in mediating chemotaxis and leukocyte adhesion?
Which cell-derived mediator of inflammation is involved in mediating chemotaxis and leukocyte adhesion?
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Which process involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytes as a defense mechanism against pathogens?
Which process involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytes as a defense mechanism against pathogens?
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What is the role of chemotaxis in acute inflammation?
What is the role of chemotaxis in acute inflammation?
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Which group of mediators includes interleukins and interferons?
Which group of mediators includes interleukins and interferons?
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What is the main function of induced platelet degranulation during inflammation?
What is the main function of induced platelet degranulation during inflammation?
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Which signaling molecule acts as a vasodilator and plays a role in neurotransmission, as well as being involved in inflammation?
Which signaling molecule acts as a vasodilator and plays a role in neurotransmission, as well as being involved in inflammation?
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What is the source of Nitric Oxide (NO) in inflammation?
What is the source of Nitric Oxide (NO) in inflammation?
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Which type of cytokines include Interleukins and Interferons?
Which type of cytokines include Interleukins and Interferons?
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What is the role of Platelet-Activating Factors (PAF) in inflammation?
What is the role of Platelet-Activating Factors (PAF) in inflammation?
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Which process do neutrophils primarily carry out during inflammation?
Which process do neutrophils primarily carry out during inflammation?
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What is the main function of chemotaxis during inflammation?
What is the main function of chemotaxis during inflammation?
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What is the main effect of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?
What is the main effect of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT an effect of Cytokines in inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT an effect of Cytokines in inflammation?
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What process is primarily responsible for Induced platelet degranulation in inflammation?
What process is primarily responsible for Induced platelet degranulation in inflammation?
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of Chemotaxis during inflammation?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Chemotaxis during inflammation?
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What major process is associated with the Oxidative burst during inflammation?
What major process is associated with the Oxidative burst during inflammation?
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Which of the following is a key role of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?
Which of the following is a key role of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?
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What is the primary function of Cytokines in inflammation?
What is the primary function of Cytokines in inflammation?
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Which process is induced by platelet degranulation during inflammation?
Which process is induced by platelet degranulation during inflammation?
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What is the main purpose of Chemotaxis during inflammation?
What is the main purpose of Chemotaxis during inflammation?
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Which of the following processes is NOT associated with the action of the Oxidative Burst in phagocytic cells?
Which of the following processes is NOT associated with the action of the Oxidative Burst in phagocytic cells?
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Study Notes
Phagocytosis
- Phagocytosis is the process of engulfment of solid particulate material (e.g., bacterial, necrotic tissue, or foreign material) by phagocytic cells.
- Types of phagocytic cells: Neutrophils, Macrophages
- Three steps of phagocytosis: 1) Recognition and attachment, 2) Engulfment, 3) Killing or degradation
Inflammation
- Inflammation can be classified into Acute or Chronic inflammation
- Differences between Acute and Chronic Inflammation:
- Acute Inflammation: Immediate reaction of tissue to injury, rapid response (hours to weeks), innate immunity, mainly neutrophils, local and systemic signs, outcome usually mild and self-limiting
- Chronic Inflammation: Persisting reactions of tissue to injury, slow response (weeks/months/years), cell-mediated, monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes, often severe and progressive, tissue destruction, fibrosis, necrosis
Components and Events of Acute Inflammation
- Acute inflammation has 4 major components:
- Vascular Changes: Alteration in vascular caliber with increased blood flow (vasodilation)
- Microvascular Changes: Alteration in permeability of microvasculature (increased vascular permeability)
- Cellular Events: Emigration, accumulation, and activation of WBCs in the site of injury (cellular recruitment and activation)
- Mediators: Derived from plasma proteins and cells
Mediators
- Mediators are chemical substances that trigger certain processes in an inflammatory reaction
- Mediators are differentiated according to their origin:
- Cell-derived mediators
- Plasma-derived mediators
Cell-Derived Mediators
- Vasoactive amines (Histamine):
- Source: mast cells, basophils, and platelets
- Effects: vasodilation, venular permeability increase, endothelial activation
- Arachidonic Acid derivatives (Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes):
- Source: mast cells and leukocytes (mainly neutrophils)
- Effects: vasodilation, pain, fever, increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocytes adhesion, and activation
- Platelet-Activating Factors (PAF):
- Source: mast cells and other leukocytes (mainly neutrophils)
- Effects: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, oxidative burst, chemotaxis, induced platelet degranulation
- Cytokines:
- Source: produced by activated lymphocytes and macrophages
- Effects: modulate the functions of other cell types, involved in acute and chronic inflammation
- Examples: Lymphokines, Monokines, Interleukins (IL), Interferons (INF), Growth factors, Tumor necrosis factors
- Nitric Oxide (NO):
- Source: soluble gas produced by endothelial cells and macrophages
- Effects: potent vasodilator, regulator of inflammation, actively reducing the effect of other proinflammatory mediators
Plasma-Derived Mediators
- Circulate in an inactive form
- Must be transformed into an active form by an activator
- Numerous, specific, and non-specific
- All activators have natural in-activators to maintain balance
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell-derived mediators involved in the inflammatory response, including vasoactive amines, arachidonic acid derivatives, platelet-activating factor, cytokines, and nitric oxide. Learn about the processes like vasoconstriction, altered vascular permeability, activation of inflammatory cells, chemotaxis, cytotoxicity, tissue degradation, pain, and fever.
