Inflammatory Response Mediators Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of inflammatory mediators?

  • To trigger processes in an inflammatory reaction (correct)
  • To prevent cellular recruitment
  • To reduce blood flow
  • To inhibit the release of other mediators

    • What is the role of active mediators in response to injurious stimuli?

  • Inhibit the action of microbes
  • Reduce inflammation
  • Prevent cellular activation
  • Produce and release in response to various injurious stimuli (correct)

    • Which type of mediators are differentiated according to their origin into cell-derived and plasma-derived?

  • Inactive Mediators
  • Active Mediators
  • Reactive Mediators
  • Inflammatory Mediators (correct)

    • What is the effect of mediators on inflammatory cells?

    <p>They trigger activation and accumulation of inflammatory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are inflammatory mediators characterized once activated?

    <p>Short-lived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system's proteins can be activated by both microbes and damaged tissues to trigger inflammation?

    <p>Immune system proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do mediators have on blood vessels during inflammation?

    <p>Enhanced blood flow through vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to increasing vascular permeability, what else do microvascular changes during acute inflammation involve?

    <p>Plasma protein leakage and white blood cell leakage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of active mediators that distinguishes them from other substances?

    <p>Short-lived after activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cytokines is produced by monocytes/macrophages?

    <p>Monokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Interferons?

    <p>Activate macrophages and NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are key in acute inflammation?

    <p>Tumor necrosis factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?

    <p>Act as a potent vasodilator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mediators circulate in an inactive form?

    <p>Plasma protein-derived mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do activators do to plasma protein-derived mediators?

    <p>Maintain balance by transforming them into an active form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of Interleukins are there?

    <p>&gt; 15 types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in the process of phagocytosis?

    <p>Neutrophils and Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three steps of phagocytosis?

    <p>Recognition and attachment, Engulfment, Killing or degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of inflammation do Monocytes and Macrophages play a predominant role?

    <p>Chronic Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant cell type in Acute Inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is associated with Acute Inflammation?

    <p>Innate Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of Chronic Inflammation compared to Acute Inflammation?

    <p>Weeks to Months to Years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inflammation is characterized by persisting reactions to tissue injury?

    <p>Chronic Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Chronic Inflammation compared to Acute Inflammation?

    <p>Tissue destruction, fibrosis, necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Monocytes/Macrophages and Neutrophils in inflammation?

    <p>Monocytes/Macrophages are mainly involved in chronic inflammation, while Neutrophils are mainly involved in acute inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of vasoactive amines like histamine in inflammation?

    <p>Vasodilatation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are vasoactive amines like histamine primarily sourced from in inflammation?

    <p>Mast cells, basophils &amp; platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell-derived mediator of inflammation is responsible for mediating increased vascular permeability and chemotaxis?

    <p>Arachidonic Acid derivatives (Prostaglandins &amp; Leukotrienes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key effects of Platelet-Activating Factors (PAF) in inflammation?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mediator is involved in inducing vasodilatation, pain, and fever during inflammation?

    <p>Prostaglandins &amp; Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Arachidonic Acid (AA) Metabolites primarily sourced from in inflammation?

    <p>Mast cells &amp; leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of Platelet-Activating Factors (PAF) in inflammation?

    <p>Mast cells and other leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vasoconstriction in the process of inflammation?

    <p>Decrease in blood flow to the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell-derived mediator of inflammation is involved in mediating chemotaxis and leukocyte adhesion?

    <p>Platelet-Activating Factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytes as a defense mechanism against pathogens?

    <p>Nitric Oxide synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chemotaxis in acute inflammation?

    <p>Recruits leukocytes to the site of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of mediators includes interleukins and interferons?

    <p>Cell-derived mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of induced platelet degranulation during inflammation?

    <p>Releasing inflammatory mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling molecule acts as a vasodilator and plays a role in neurotransmission, as well as being involved in inflammation?

    <p>Nitric Oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of Nitric Oxide (NO) in inflammation?

    <p>Endothelial cells &amp; macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cytokines include Interleukins and Interferons?

    <p>Interleukins (IL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Platelet-Activating Factors (PAF) in inflammation?

    <p>Trigger platelet degranulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process do neutrophils primarily carry out during inflammation?

    <p>Oxidative burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chemotaxis during inflammation?

    <p>Attract leukocytes to the site of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?

    <p>Vasodilatation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effect of Cytokines in inflammation?

    <p>Platelet degranulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is primarily responsible for Induced platelet degranulation in inflammation?

    <p>Oxidative burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of Chemotaxis during inflammation?

    <p>Leukocyte adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major process is associated with the Oxidative burst during inflammation?

    <p>Leukocyte adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key role of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?

    <p>Enhancing oxidative burst in phagocytic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Cytokines in inflammation?

    <p>Regulating chemotaxis of immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is induced by platelet degranulation during inflammation?

    <p>Oxidative burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Chemotaxis during inflammation?

    <p>Recruiting neutrophils and macrophages to the site of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT associated with the action of the Oxidative Burst in phagocytic cells?

    <p>Promoting platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Phagocytosis

    • Phagocytosis is the process of engulfment of solid particulate material (e.g., bacterial, necrotic tissue, or foreign material) by phagocytic cells.
    • Types of phagocytic cells: Neutrophils, Macrophages
    • Three steps of phagocytosis: 1) Recognition and attachment, 2) Engulfment, 3) Killing or degradation

    Inflammation

    • Inflammation can be classified into Acute or Chronic inflammation
    • Differences between Acute and Chronic Inflammation:
      • Acute Inflammation: Immediate reaction of tissue to injury, rapid response (hours to weeks), innate immunity, mainly neutrophils, local and systemic signs, outcome usually mild and self-limiting
      • Chronic Inflammation: Persisting reactions of tissue to injury, slow response (weeks/months/years), cell-mediated, monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes, often severe and progressive, tissue destruction, fibrosis, necrosis

    Components and Events of Acute Inflammation

    • Acute inflammation has 4 major components:
      1. Vascular Changes: Alteration in vascular caliber with increased blood flow (vasodilation)
      2. Microvascular Changes: Alteration in permeability of microvasculature (increased vascular permeability)
      3. Cellular Events: Emigration, accumulation, and activation of WBCs in the site of injury (cellular recruitment and activation)
      4. Mediators: Derived from plasma proteins and cells

    Mediators

    • Mediators are chemical substances that trigger certain processes in an inflammatory reaction
    • Mediators are differentiated according to their origin:
      • Cell-derived mediators
      • Plasma-derived mediators

    Cell-Derived Mediators

    • Vasoactive amines (Histamine):
      • Source: mast cells, basophils, and platelets
      • Effects: vasodilation, venular permeability increase, endothelial activation
    • Arachidonic Acid derivatives (Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes):
      • Source: mast cells and leukocytes (mainly neutrophils)
      • Effects: vasodilation, pain, fever, increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocytes adhesion, and activation
    • Platelet-Activating Factors (PAF):
      • Source: mast cells and other leukocytes (mainly neutrophils)
      • Effects: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, oxidative burst, chemotaxis, induced platelet degranulation
    • Cytokines:
      • Source: produced by activated lymphocytes and macrophages
      • Effects: modulate the functions of other cell types, involved in acute and chronic inflammation
      • Examples: Lymphokines, Monokines, Interleukins (IL), Interferons (INF), Growth factors, Tumor necrosis factors
    • Nitric Oxide (NO):
      • Source: soluble gas produced by endothelial cells and macrophages
      • Effects: potent vasodilator, regulator of inflammation, actively reducing the effect of other proinflammatory mediators

    Plasma-Derived Mediators

    • Circulate in an inactive form
    • Must be transformed into an active form by an activator
    • Numerous, specific, and non-specific
    • All activators have natural in-activators to maintain balance

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    Lecture 6 Acute Inflammation; Chemical Mediators PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on cell-derived mediators involved in the inflammatory response, including vasoactive amines, arachidonic acid derivatives, platelet-activating factor, cytokines, and nitric oxide. Learn about the processes like vasoconstriction, altered vascular permeability, activation of inflammatory cells, chemotaxis, cytotoxicity, tissue degradation, pain, and fever.

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