Inflammation and Tissue Repair Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which specialized pro-resolving mediators are derived from omega-3 fatty acids?

  • Cytokines
  • Leukotrienes
  • Prostaglandins
  • Resolvins (correct)

    • What is the process called where macrophages clear apoptotic neutrophils?

  • Efferocytosis (correct)
  • Exocytosis
  • Autophagy
  • Phagocytosis

    • What role do fibroblasts play in tissue repair?

  • They clear apoptotic cells.
  • They produce collagen and ECM components. (correct)
  • They drain excess fluids.
  • They induce cell apoptosis.

    • How do macrophages contribute to the clearance of inflammation?

    <p>By engaging in phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to excess fluid in the inflammatory area?

    <p>It is reabsorbed by the lymphatic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in tissue repair?

    <p>It provides a scaffold for new tissue growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures the reduction of swelling following inflammation?

    <p>Lymphatic drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents toxic substance release during inflammation resolution?

    <p>Macrophage efferocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in Barrett’s esophagus due to chronic acid reflux?

    <p>Normal squamous cells change to columnar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dysplasia characterized by?

    <p>Abnormal cell growth with disordered architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tumour cells differ in size and shape compared to normal cells?

    <p>Tumour cells vary greatly in size and shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of nuclear structure differs between normal cells and tumour cells?

    <p>Tumour cells have enlarged nuclei with an increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines metastasis?

    <p>Spreading of cancer cells from the primary site to other body parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about normal cells is correct?

    <p>Normal cells are typically uniform in size and shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can severe dysplasia indicate?

    <p>Potential progression toward cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of chronic inflammation leading to excessive ECM deposition?

    <p>Overproduction of extracellular matrix components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by excessive scar tissue in the liver?

    <p>Liver Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of tumour cells?

    <p>Consistent nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of failure in the resolution of inflammation?

    <p>Continuous tissue remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions involves scarring that impairs heart function?

    <p>Cardiac Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to impaired lung function in pulmonary fibrosis?

    <p>Thickening and scarring of lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of excessive ECM deposition primarily involves which type of cells?

    <p>Fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of excessive scar tissue formation in organs?

    <p>Impaired organ function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effects of chronic inflammation on tissue?

    <p>Causes excessive extracellular matrix deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tumor suppressor genes in apoptosis?

    <p>They prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can mutations in proto-oncogenes like KRAS affect cell growth?

    <p>They lead to uncontrolled cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do carcinogens have on DNA repair mechanisms?

    <p>They inhibit DNA repair mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential result of accumulated mutations over time?

    <p>Normal cells can be transformed into cancerous cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do carcinogens influence the cell cycle?

    <p>They deregulate cell cycle control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mechanism that cancer cells develop to survive severe DNA damage?

    <p>Evasion of apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes such as TP53?

    <p>To promote apoptosis in damaged cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes proto-oncogenes?

    <p>Genes that, when mutated, can promote cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phases are part of the cell cycle?

    <p>G1, G2, S, M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints serve in the cell cycle?

    <p>They ensure cells only divide when ready and repair DNA damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mutations in regulatory genes like p53 and RB1 affect the cell cycle?

    <p>They allow cells to bypass checkpoints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in the cell cycle?

    <p>They regulate the progression of the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of cancer cells regarding apoptosis?

    <p>They can avoid apoptosis despite genetic damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to cancer progression in relation to the cell cycle?

    <p>Overexpression of cyclins and CDKs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes apoptosis?

    <p>Programmed cell death that eliminates damaged cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often disrupted in cancer, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation?

    <p>Cellular signalling pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflammation Resolution

    • Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs): Resolvins, protectins, and maresins, derived from omega-3 fatty acids, help resolve inflammation.
    • Neutrophil Apoptosis: Programmed cell death of neutrophils is crucial, these cells are eliminated by macrophages.
    • Macrophage Efferocytosis: Macrophages engulf apoptotic cells, preventing the release of toxic substances.
    • Phagocytosis: Macrophages clear apoptotic cells and debris.
    • Lymphatic Drainage: Excess fluid and immune cells are removed from the site of inflammation.

    Tissue Repair and Regeneration

    • Fluid Reabsorption: Excess fluid is reabsorbed by the lymphatic system.
    • Reduction of Swelling: Swelling decreases as fluid is cleared.
    • Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Remodeling: ECM is remodeled for new tissue growth.
    • Fibroblast Activation: Fibroblasts produce collagen and other ECM components to repair tissue.

    Chronic Inflammation and Scarring

    • Excessive ECM Deposition: Chronic inflammation leads to overproduction of ECM components like collagen.
    • Failure in Resolution: Persistent tissue remodeling and scarring occur when inflammation does not resolve properly.

    Examples of Chronic Inflammation and Scarring

    • Liver Fibrosis: Excessive scar tissue in the liver, often due to chronic hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
    • Pulmonary Fibrosis: Thickening and scarring of lung tissue, reducing lung function.
    • Cardiac Fibrosis: Scarring of heart tissue, potentially impairing heart function and leading to heart failure.

    Cellular Changes in Cancer

    • Dysplasia: Abnormal cell growth with disordered architecture, potentially a precursor to cancer.
    • Metastasis: Cancer cells spreading from the primary site to other parts of the body, forming secondary tumors.

    Morphological Distinctions between Normal and Tumour Cells

    • Cell Size and Shape: Normal cells are uniform in size and shape; tumor cells vary greatly in size and shape (pleomorphism).
    • Nuclear Size and Structure: Normal cells have a regular, small nucleus; tumor cells have enlarged nuclei with an increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, often displaying irregular shapes and prominent nucleoli.

    Cellular Basis of Neoplastic Transformation

    • Gene Mutations:
      • Tumor Suppressor Genes: Mutations in tumor suppressor genes (like TP53) prevent apoptosis, allowing damaged cells to survive and proliferate.
      • Proto-oncogenes: Mutations in proto-oncogenes (like KRAS) activate them, causing uncontrolled cell growth.
    • Inhibition of DNA Repair: Carcinogens can inhibit DNA repair mechanisms, leading to the accumulation of mutations.
    • Promotion of Uncontrolled Cell Growth:
      • Cell Cycle Deregulation: Carcinogens disrupt cell cycle control, causing uncontrolled cell proliferation.
      • Evasion of Apoptosis: Cancer cells evade apoptosis, enabling them to survive despite DNA damage.

    Cancer Development: Disruption to Key Cellular Processes

    • Cell Cycle Dysregulation:
      • Checkpoints: Cancer cells bypass G1/S and G2/M checkpoints due to mutations in regulatory genes (like p53 and RB1), leading to unregulated growth.
      • Cyclins and CDKs: Mutations or overexpression of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) drive the cell cycle forward inappropriately, contributing to cancer progression.
    • Apoptosis Evasion: Cancer cells evade apoptosis, allowing them to survive and proliferate despite genetic damage.

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    Description

    This quiz covers critical aspects of inflammation resolution, tissue repair, and regeneration processes. Topics include specialized pro-resolving mediators, neutrophil apoptosis, macrophage functions, and the role of the lymphatic system. Understand the mechanisms behind chronic inflammation and scarring.

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