Questions and Answers
Which of the following describes the process going on in Julie's finger?
Which of the following represents the first line of defense?
Which of the following cell types is NOT part of the second line of defense?
Why are memory cells an important product of an immune response?
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Place each immune component in the appropriate bin:
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What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?
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What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?
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What component of the immune system will protect from getting the same cold again?
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Correctly order the steps involved in cellular immunity:
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Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?
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Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur:
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Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another?
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Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production?
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Which component of the immune response still responds to antigen despite the low helper T cell count?
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Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only.
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Mucous membranes are a part of innate defense.
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Which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally infected cells?
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According to the animation, antibodies directly interact with which innate defenses?
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Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body?
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Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or fluid?
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Select the cell types that are actively phagocytic.
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Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT
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Which of the following is mismatched?
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What direct effect do histamines and leukotrienes have on capillaries?
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What is emigration in the context of inflammation?
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Why is vasodilation important to tissue repair?
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What is pus comprised of?
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Which of the following can release histamines?
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What are cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway?
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Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired via injection of antibodies from an individual or host that has immunological memory to the specific pathogen or antigen.
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Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired via the passing of antibodies from a mother to a child to give immunity during the development of the child's immune system.
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Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired when a person is vaccinated for a specific type of infection via the introduction of antigens.
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Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired when antigens enter the body and an infection occurs.
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Cytokines are protein-based chemical messengers that allow for communication between cells of the immune system.
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Which of the following is the best definition of epitope?
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In the figure, what portion will typically attach to a host cell?
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If a patient has been exposed to an antigen for the first time, which class of immunoglobulin appears first?
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What is apoptosis?
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What is the function of the CD8 receptor?
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What is the fate of activated cytotoxic T-cells?
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Which molecule triggers apoptosis?
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Which event happens first during cytotoxic T-cell activation?
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If one is examining a blood smear from a patient with a parasitic worm infection, which of the following leukocytes would be found in increased numbers?
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Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?
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A response that is uniquely directed against pathogenic Bordetella pertussis would involve what component?
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First line defenses have what aspect in common with each other?
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Both the innate and adaptive defenses of the immune system work to prevent
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If a new bacterial pathogen entered a human body through an accidental needle stick, the first cell that would try to kill the pathogen would likely be
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The primary immune response involves
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According to the animation, for approximately how many days is IgG present in the serum?
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According to the animation, on what day does IgM first appear?
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The presence of which of the following indicates a current infection rather than a previous infection or vaccination?
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What makes agglutination by antibodies possible?
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What is the role of plasma cells in humoral immunity?
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Which of the following most accurately describes how a pathogenic bacterium might be affected by antibodies?
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Which cells are involved in a secondary response?
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How is the secondary response different from the primary response in terms of antibody concentration in the blood?
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According to the animation, on which day does the production of IgG occur in the secondary response?
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An anamnestic response is
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Study Notes
Inflammation and Immune Response
- Inflammation is a response to tissue damage, marked by redness, pain, heat, and swelling.
- Julie's cut led to inflammation, allowing phagocytic cells (leukocytes) to accumulate at the injury site, aiding in infection defense.
- A differential white blood cell count helps physicians diagnose infections by identifying specific leukocyte types, such as eosinophils indicating parasitic infections.
First and Second Lines of Defense
- The first line of defense includes the skin and mucous membranes, acting as barriers against pathogens.
- Inflammation activates the second line of defense once the first line is breached.
- Inflammation facilitates the influx of immune cells to the site of injury, promoting healing and fighting potential infections.
Adaptive Immune Response
- The adaptive immune response (third line of defense) is triggered when the first and second lines fail, involving specific pathogen recognition.
- Memory cells formed during the adaptive response ensure quicker and stronger responses during subsequent exposures to the same antigen.
Components of the Immune System
- Helper T cells play a crucial role in activating B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to target infected cells.
- Activated B cells undergo clonal expansion, resulting in memory B cells and plasma cells that produce antibodies.
- Memory B cells are vital for long-term immunity, enabling rapid antibody production upon re-exposure to a pathogen.
Cellular and Humoral Immunity
- Cytotoxic T cells directly attack abnormal or infected cells through recognition of infected cells and inducing apoptosis using perforin and granzyme.
- In phagocytosis, dendritic cells engulf pathogens, digest them, and present epitopes to T cells, bridging innate and adaptive immunity.
Antibody Production and Immunity Types
- Antibodies are produced following B cell activation, involving helper T cell activation but not cytotoxic T cell activation.
- Immune responses can be naturally or artificially acquired, with passive immunity involving the direct transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.
Complement System and Inflammation
- The complement system aids in inflammation, opsonization, and forming the membrane attack complex (MAC), leading to pathogen lysis.
- Histamines and leukotrienes promote inflammation by increasing capillary permeability and attracting phagocytes to the site of infection.
Infection Defense Mechanisms
- Normal microbiota protect against infections by creating an unsuitable environment for pathogens and competing for resources.
- Phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, are essential for clearing infections, while cytotoxic T cells specifically target infected cells.
Types of Adaptive Immunity
- Different forms of adaptive immunity include:
- Artificially acquired passive immunity: Transfer of antibodies through injection.
- Naturally acquired passive immunity: Antibodies passed from mother to child.
- Artificially acquired active immunity: Resulting from vaccinations.
- Naturally acquired active immunity: Following natural infection.
Inflammation Process
- Inflammation involves vasodilation to increase blood flow, which enhances oxygen and nutrient delivery, supporting tissue repair.
- Pus is primarily composed of dead phagocytes and serves as an indication of an ongoing immune response against infectious agents.
- Understanding the complement system activation pathways, including classical and alternative, helps in recognizing the comprehensive immune response to pathogens.### Immune System Overview
- Immune system combats infections through innate and adaptive responses, forming immunological memory for specific antigens.
Types of Immunity
- Artificially acquired active immunity: Immunity developed through vaccination.
- Naturally acquired passive immunity: Antibodies received naturally, such as through breast milk.
- Artificially acquired passive immunity: Antibodies gained through treatments, like antivenom.
- Naturally acquired active immunity: Immunity developed after natural exposure to an antigen.
Key Terminology
- Cytokines: Protein-based messengers that facilitate communication between immune cells.
- Epitope: Specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies.
Immune Response Mechanisms
- Initial Response: IgM is the first immunoglobulin to appear after exposure to an antigen.
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death crucial for eliminating infected or dysfunctional cells.
- CD8 Receptor Function: Binds to MHC molecules on infected cells, enabling T-cell activation.
T-cell Activation & Function
- Activated cytotoxic T-cells:
- Proliferate into clones specific to the antigen.
- Differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells or attack infected cells.
- Granzyme triggers apoptosis in infected cells.
Leukocytes and Invading Pathogens
- Eosinophils: Increased numbers indicate parasitic worm infections.
- Macrophages: Exhibit the highest phagocytic activity, engulfing pathogens effectively.
Immune Defense Strategies
- Antibodies: Critical in targeting and neutralizing pathogens.
- Primary immune response: Characterized by a gradual increase in antibody levels followed by a decline.
- First Line Defenses: Share the characteristic of being physical barriers to pathogens.
Response Dynamics
- Secondary Response: Faster and produces a higher quantity of antibodies than the primary response.
- IgG appears approximately ten days after initial exposure and five days during secondary response.
Humoral Immunity
- Plasma cells produce antibodies essential for neutralizing toxins and pathogens.
- Antibodies can agglutinate pathogens, blocking their binding to host cells or opsonizing them for phagocytosis.
Memory Responses
- Memory B Cells and Plasma Cells: Central to the secondary immune response, rapidly producing antibodies upon re-exposure to an antigen.
- An anamnestic response denotes a stronger and faster reaction upon subsequent encounters with the same pathogen.
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Description
Explore the critical process of inflammation as Julie deals with a cut on her finger. This quiz will guide you through understanding inflammation and its role in the body's response to injury. Test your knowledge of related biological concepts.