Biology 6 - Inflammation Response

Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes the process going on in Julie's finger?

Complement

Fever

Phagocytosis

Inflammation (correct)

Which of the following represents the first line of defense?

Red blood cells

Skin and mucous membranes (correct)

Platelets

White blood cells

Which of the following cell types is NOT part of the second line of defense?

Mast cells

Eosinophils

Basophils

Plasma cells (correct)

Why are memory cells an important product of an immune response?

Memory cells allow subsequent immune responses against the same antigen to occur more strongly and more quickly. Signup and view all the answers

Place each immune component in the appropriate bin:

Sweat = First line Sebum (oil) = First line Fever = Second line NK cells = Second line B lymphocytes = Third line T lymphocytes = Third line Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?

Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?

An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells. Signup and view all the answers

What component of the immune system will protect from getting the same cold again?

Memory B cells Signup and view all the answers

Correctly order the steps involved in cellular immunity:

1, 2, 4, 3 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?

Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein Signup and view all the answers

Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur:

2, 1, 4, 3, 5 Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another?

BCR and TCR Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production?

Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the immune response still responds to antigen despite the low helper T cell count?

Clonal selection of B cells Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only.

False Signup and view all the answers

Mucous membranes are a part of innate defense.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally infected cells?

T lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

According to the animation, antibodies directly interact with which innate defenses?

Phagocytosis and the complement system Signup and view all the answers

Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body?

Cytotoxic T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or fluid?

Ciliary escalator: intestines Signup and view all the answers

Select the cell types that are actively phagocytic.

Neutrophil, macrophage, dendritic cell, eosinophil. Signup and view all the answers

Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT

They produce lysozyme. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is mismatched?

Chemotaxis: chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome Signup and view all the answers

What direct effect do histamines and leukotrienes have on capillaries?

They allow capillary walls to open and become leaky. Signup and view all the answers

What is emigration in the context of inflammation?

The migration of phagocytes through blood vessels to the site of tissue damage. Signup and view all the answers

Why is vasodilation important to tissue repair?

It allows for an increased delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and phagocytes to the site of damage. Signup and view all the answers

What is pus comprised of?

Dead phagocytes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can release histamines?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What are cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway?

Cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired via injection of antibodies from an individual or host that has immunological memory to the specific pathogen or antigen.

Artificially acquired passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired via the passing of antibodies from a mother to a child to give immunity during the development of the child's immune system.

Naturally acquired passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired when a person is vaccinated for a specific type of infection via the introduction of antigens.

Artificially acquired active immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired when antigens enter the body and an infection occurs.

Naturally acquired active immunity Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines are protein-based chemical messengers that allow for communication between cells of the immune system.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best definition of epitope?

Specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies Signup and view all the answers

In the figure, what portion will typically attach to a host cell?

e Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has been exposed to an antigen for the first time, which class of immunoglobulin appears first?

IgM Signup and view all the answers

What is apoptosis?

The process of programmed cell death. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the CD8 receptor?

Bind to MHC molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of activated cytotoxic T-cells?

They proliferate into a clone of cells specific to the same antigen; some of these cells then differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells, while others mature to attack infected cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule triggers apoptosis?

Granzyme Signup and view all the answers

Which event happens first during cytotoxic T-cell activation?

CD8 binds to MHC molecules of infected cells Signup and view all the answers

If one is examining a blood smear from a patient with a parasitic worm infection, which of the following leukocytes would be found in increased numbers?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

A response that is uniquely directed against pathogenic Bordetella pertussis would involve what component?

Antibodies Signup and view all the answers

First line defenses have what aspect in common with each other?

They are physical barriers against invading pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Both the innate and adaptive defenses of the immune system work to prevent

The penetration and colonization by pathogens, and the diseases they cause. Signup and view all the answers

If a new bacterial pathogen entered a human body through an accidental needle stick, the first cell that would try to kill the pathogen would likely be

A phagocyte. Signup and view all the answers

The primary immune response involves

A slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a gradual decline. Signup and view all the answers

According to the animation, for approximately how many days is IgG present in the serum?

Ten days Signup and view all the answers

According to the animation, on what day does IgM first appear?

Day five Signup and view all the answers

The presence of which of the following indicates a current infection rather than a previous infection or vaccination?

IgM Signup and view all the answers

What makes agglutination by antibodies possible?

Each antibody has at least two antigen-binding sites. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasma cells in humoral immunity?

Plasma cells produce antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most accurately describes how a pathogenic bacterium might be affected by antibodies?

The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host, may opsonize the bacterium, or may agglutinate bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in a secondary response?

Memory B cells and plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

How is the secondary response different from the primary response in terms of antibody concentration in the blood?

The secondary response is faster and produces more antibodies than the primary response. Signup and view all the answers

According to the animation, on which day does the production of IgG occur in the secondary response?

Day five Signup and view all the answers

An anamnestic response is

Another name for secondary response. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation and Immune Response

Inflammation is a response to tissue damage, marked by redness, pain, heat, and swelling.
Julie's cut led to inflammation, allowing phagocytic cells (leukocytes) to accumulate at the injury site, aiding in infection defense.
A differential white blood cell count helps physicians diagnose infections by identifying specific leukocyte types, such as eosinophils indicating parasitic infections.

First and Second Lines of Defense

The first line of defense includes the skin and mucous membranes, acting as barriers against pathogens.
Inflammation activates the second line of defense once the first line is breached.
Inflammation facilitates the influx of immune cells to the site of injury, promoting healing and fighting potential infections.

Adaptive Immune Response

The adaptive immune response (third line of defense) is triggered when the first and second lines fail, involving specific pathogen recognition.
Memory cells formed during the adaptive response ensure quicker and stronger responses during subsequent exposures to the same antigen.

Components of the Immune System

Helper T cells play a crucial role in activating B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to target infected cells.
Activated B cells undergo clonal expansion, resulting in memory B cells and plasma cells that produce antibodies.
Memory B cells are vital for long-term immunity, enabling rapid antibody production upon re-exposure to a pathogen.

Cellular and Humoral Immunity

Cytotoxic T cells directly attack abnormal or infected cells through recognition of infected cells and inducing apoptosis using perforin and granzyme.
In phagocytosis, dendritic cells engulf pathogens, digest them, and present epitopes to T cells, bridging innate and adaptive immunity.

Antibody Production and Immunity Types

Antibodies are produced following B cell activation, involving helper T cell activation but not cytotoxic T cell activation.
Immune responses can be naturally or artificially acquired, with passive immunity involving the direct transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.

Complement System and Inflammation

The complement system aids in inflammation, opsonization, and forming the membrane attack complex (MAC), leading to pathogen lysis.
Histamines and leukotrienes promote inflammation by increasing capillary permeability and attracting phagocytes to the site of infection.

Infection Defense Mechanisms

Normal microbiota protect against infections by creating an unsuitable environment for pathogens and competing for resources.
Phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, are essential for clearing infections, while cytotoxic T cells specifically target infected cells.

Types of Adaptive Immunity

Different forms of adaptive immunity include:
- Artificially acquired passive immunity: Transfer of antibodies through injection.
- Naturally acquired passive immunity: Antibodies passed from mother to child.
- Artificially acquired active immunity: Resulting from vaccinations.
- Naturally acquired active immunity: Following natural infection.

Inflammation Process

Inflammation involves vasodilation to increase blood flow, which enhances oxygen and nutrient delivery, supporting tissue repair.
Pus is primarily composed of dead phagocytes and serves as an indication of an ongoing immune response against infectious agents.
Understanding the complement system activation pathways, including classical and alternative, helps in recognizing the comprehensive immune response to pathogens.### Immune System Overview
Immune system combats infections through innate and adaptive responses, forming immunological memory for specific antigens.

Types of Immunity

Artificially acquired active immunity: Immunity developed through vaccination.
Naturally acquired passive immunity: Antibodies received naturally, such as through breast milk.
Artificially acquired passive immunity: Antibodies gained through treatments, like antivenom.
Naturally acquired active immunity: Immunity developed after natural exposure to an antigen.

Key Terminology

Cytokines: Protein-based messengers that facilitate communication between immune cells.
Epitope: Specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies.

Immune Response Mechanisms

Initial Response: IgM is the first immunoglobulin to appear after exposure to an antigen.
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death crucial for eliminating infected or dysfunctional cells.
CD8 Receptor Function: Binds to MHC molecules on infected cells, enabling T-cell activation.

T-cell Activation & Function

Activated cytotoxic T-cells:
- Proliferate into clones specific to the antigen.
- Differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells or attack infected cells.
Granzyme triggers apoptosis in infected cells.

Leukocytes and Invading Pathogens

Eosinophils: Increased numbers indicate parasitic worm infections.
Macrophages: Exhibit the highest phagocytic activity, engulfing pathogens effectively.

Immune Defense Strategies

Antibodies: Critical in targeting and neutralizing pathogens.
Primary immune response: Characterized by a gradual increase in antibody levels followed by a decline.
First Line Defenses: Share the characteristic of being physical barriers to pathogens.

Response Dynamics

Secondary Response: Faster and produces a higher quantity of antibodies than the primary response.
IgG appears approximately ten days after initial exposure and five days during secondary response.

Humoral Immunity

Plasma cells produce antibodies essential for neutralizing toxins and pathogens.
Antibodies can agglutinate pathogens, blocking their binding to host cells or opsonizing them for phagocytosis.

Memory Responses

Memory B Cells and Plasma Cells: Central to the secondary immune response, rapidly producing antibodies upon re-exposure to an antigen.
An anamnestic response denotes a stronger and faster reaction upon subsequent encounters with the same pathogen.

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Description

Explore the critical process of inflammation as Julie deals with a cut on her finger. This quiz will guide you through understanding inflammation and its role in the body's response to injury. Test your knowledge of related biological concepts.