Inflammation and Atherosclerosis

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What happens to the endothelium when monocytes become sticky and attach to it?

It produces more anticoagulant and vasodilating cytokines

It produces less anticoagulant and vasodilating cytokines (correct)

It becomes impermeable to monocytes

It begins to release less inflammatory cytokines

What do foam cells release that further the process of atherogenesis?

Vasodilating growth factors

Inflammatory cytokines (correct)

Free radicals

Antithrombotic cytokines

What is one signal recognized by surface receptors on the macrophage that triggers the inflammatory response?

Release of antithrombotic compounds

Increased production of vasodilating agents

Consumption of high density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) (correct)

What do phagocytes release in response to the inflammatory triggers?

Leukotrienes or arachidonic acid-like compounds Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the LDLs once consumed by macrophages?

They oxidize and transform into foam cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of injury or elevated cholesterol on monocytes?

They become sticky and attach to the endothelium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protein mediators released by phagocytes interacts with local tissue cells in a pro or anti-inflammatory way?

Cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T lymphocytes from the immune system in the presence of inflammation?

They respond to adhesion molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cytokines promotes inflammation in the context of atherosclerosis?

Interferon-gamma Signup and view all the answers

What is a leading hypothesis regarding the autoimmune component of atherosclerosis?

T-cells recognize autoantigens contributing to inflammation Signup and view all the answers

In the context of inflammation, what may lead to an autoimmune response in atherosclerosis?

Activation of effector T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

Recognized by B-cells in a pro-atherogenic autoimmune response Signup and view all the answers

What happens when smooth muscle proliferation occurs in response to endotheial injury?

The endothelial layer pouches out, making the vessel smaller Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following promotes inflammation in the context of atherosclerosis?

Platelets adhering and aggregating at the site of injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of regulatory T-cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

Serving an athero-protective role Signup and view all the answers

What causes platelets to adhere and aggregate at the site of endotheial injury?

Exposure of subendothelium to blood components Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation and Atherosclerosis

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