Atherosclerosis and Skin Infections Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main function of adipocytes in the subcutaneous layer?

Storing fat (correct)

Producing collagen

Generating nerve signals

Regulating blood flow

What is a common manifestation of cellulitis?

Defined borders

Bumpy rashes

Crusting lesions

Erythema and edema (correct)

Which bacterium is most often associated with folliculitis?

Escherichia coli

Candida albicans

Streptococcus pyogenes

Staphylococcus aureus (correct)

What type of infection is impetigo primarily classified as?

Superficial skin infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial trigger for the development of atherosclerosis?

Endothelial cell damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of shingles?

Varicella-zoster virus reactivation Signup and view all the answers

How does chickenpox primarily spread?

Airborne droplets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cytokines is primarily released by macrophages during the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis?

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for cellulitis?

Peripheral vascular disease Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the formation of a fatty streak in atherosclerosis?

Accumulation of foam cells Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor for atherosclerosis is associated with increased LDL cholesterol levels?

Obesity Signup and view all the answers

Which herpes simplex virus type is commonly associated with cold sores?

HSV-1 Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during plaque rupture in atherosclerosis?

Release of plaque contents into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary factor is linked to the progression of atherosclerosis?

Consumption of saturated and trans fats Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT considered a risk factor for atherosclerosis?

Excessive hydration Signup and view all the answers

In the progression of atherosclerosis, what do injured endothelial cells start to express?

Adhesion molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of atopic dermatitis?

High IgE levels Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is allergic contact dermatitis classified as?

Type IV hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes urticaria?

Type I hypersensitivity reaction Signup and view all the answers

What does the Frank-Starling Law state?

Force of contraction increases as myocardial fibers are stretched Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes afterload?

The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood Signup and view all the answers

What is a common triggering factor for atopic dermatitis?

Family history of asthma Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during diastole in the cardiac cycle?

Chambers are filled with blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skin lesions is NOT typically associated with dermatitis?

Cysts Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Dermatophytes?

They cause superficial skin lesions feeding on keratin Signup and view all the answers

Which fungal disorder is caused by Candida albicans?

Candidiasis Signup and view all the answers

How are tinea infections categorized?

Based on their location on the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) Signup and view all the answers

What type of skin cancer is primarily linked to sun exposure?

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary risk factor for fungal skin infections?

Weakened immune systems Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of skin cancer?

It is linked to UV radiation damaging DNA in skin cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common feature of squamous cell carcinoma?

It presents as a firm, red nodule or flat lesion with a scaly surface Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the prodromal phase of infection?

Begins two weeks after exposure and includes fatigue and anorexia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom during the icteric phase?

Clay-colored stools and jaundice Signup and view all the answers

What typically initiates the recovery phase of liver disease?

Resolution of jaundice Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of kidney stone that leads to upper urinary tract obstruction?

Calcium Oxalate and Calcium Phosphate stones Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical issue can contribute to lower urinary tract obstruction?

Prostate enlargement Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an unaffected kidney during compensatory hypertrophy in response to obstruction?

It increases in size and function Signup and view all the answers

What condition occurs due to nerve damage, affecting bladder control?

Neurogenic bladder Signup and view all the answers

What can result from post-obstructive diuresis if not managed properly?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between primary and secondary glomerulonephritis?

Primary glomerulonephritis originates in the glomeruli, while secondary is due to systemic diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common risk factor for acute glomerulonephritis?

Infections caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci Signup and view all the answers

What effect do immune complexes have on the glomerular filtration membrane?

They decrease glomerular filtration rate. Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation is NOT typically associated with glomerulonephritis?

Chronic cough Signup and view all the answers

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by which of the following?

Massive proteinuria and edema Signup and view all the answers

What leads to fluid retention in glomerulonephritis?

Increased permeability of the glomerular filtration membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glomerulonephritis often occurs with systemic diseases like lupus and diabetes mellitus?

Chronic glomerulonephritis Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant complication of unresolved glomerulonephritis?

Chronic kidney disease Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammatory Response

Inflammation is a crucial component of the innate immune system, triggered by injury to vascularized tissues.
The process is rapid and non-specific, aimed at containing damage, eliminating pathogens, and initiating healing.
Key features include activation (within seconds of injury), vascular changes (increased blood flow causing redness and heat, increased capillary permeability causing swelling and pain), cellular events (recruitment and phagocytosis of leukocytes), and cytokine signaling (regulation of immune response).
Acute inflammation is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function.
Processes include vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and leukocyte recruitment.
Chronic inflammation results from unresolved acute inflammation or persistent triggers (infections, autoimmune diseases).
It's characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages, forming fibrosis and scar tissue.
Granulomatous chronic inflammation involves macrophages and eosinophils forming granulomas to isolate foreign bodies or infected areas.

Cells Involved in Inflammation

Mast cells: Located near epithelial surfaces and blood vessels, release histamine upon activation, increasing vascular permeability.
Also release cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13) to further amplify the inflammatory response.
Macrophages: Resident in tissues or recruited from the blood, engulf pathogens and cellular debris.
Release pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6) that promote leukocyte recruitment and induce systemic effects like fever.
Present antigens to T helper cells for adaptive immune response.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated or misdirected immune responses to an antigen.
Type I: IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE antibodies and occur within minutes to hours.
Common examples include allergic rhinitis, asthma, and anaphylaxis.
Pathophysiology includes: sensitization, IgE binding, re-exposure and degranulation, release of mediators, and clinical manifestations.

Innate Immune System

The innate system is the body's first line of defense against injury and infection providing immediate, non-specific response.
Components include physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), biochemical barriers (antimicrobial peptides), human microbiome (beneficial microorganisms), and immune cells.

Adaptive Immune System

The adaptive immune system provides a more specific and long-lasting response to pathogens.
T lymphocytes (T cells) mature in thymus and differentiate into T helper cells (orchestrate the immune response), T cytotoxic cells (kill infected cells), and regulatory T cells (suppress immune response).
B lymphocytes (B cells) mature in bone marrow and differentiate into plasma cells (produce antibodies) and memory B cells (provide long-term immunity).

Other Inflammatory Disorders

Contact dermatitis: Skin reaction to allergens like poison ivy, related to delayed hypersensitivity.
Tuberculin skin test: Positive reaction indicates previous TB exposure, linked to delayed hypersensitivity.
Graft rejection: T cells recognize foreign antigens on transplanted tissues leading to attack.

Cachexia

Cachexia is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by muscle wasting and atrophy.
This is often accompanied by a loss of white adipose tissue and leads to weakness and fatigue.
Key factor is energy imbalance (energy input not meeting needs).
Inflammation plays a role in the development and progression of cachexia.

Contributing Factors to Infection

Communicability: The ability of a microorganism to spread from one person to another.
Immunogenicity: The ability of a microorganism to induce an immune response.
Infectivity: The ability of a microorganism to invade and multiply within the host.
Mechanism of action: How the microorganism causes damage to tissues.
Pathogenicity: The ability of a microorganism to cause disease.
Portal of entry: Route through which the microorganism enters the body.
Toxigenicity: The ability to produce toxins.
Virulence: The organism's capacity to cause severe disease.

Infection Concepts

ID50: Estimated number of organisms/viral particles needed to infect 50% of a population.
Endogenous microorganisms: Microorganisms already present in the body as part of the normal microbiome.

Skin Infections

Possible causative agents: S. Aureus, streptococci, and group A Streptococcus.
Infection types: Impetigo, folliculitis, and cellulitis.
Viral skin infections: HSV types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, and HPV.
Fungal infections (Dermatophytes): trichophyton, microsporum.

Skin Cancer

Most likely cause of skin cancers is chronic exposure to UV radiation.
Subtypes of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma.

Chronic Inflammatory Skin Disorders

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder.
Characteristics include scaly, thick, silvery elevated, well-demarcated plaques.
Affected sites are often scalp, elbows, or knees.
Increased skin cell turnover time.
Inflammatory response involves Th1 and Th17 cells.

Inflammatory Disorders of the Skin

Dermatitis (including atopic dermatitis)
Allergic contact dermatitis
Urticaria (hives)

Cardiovascular Conditions

Atherosclerosis: Buildup of lipid-laden macrophages in artery walls, causing plaque formation.
This can lead to coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease.
Hypertension: Persistently high blood pressure (≥140/90 mmHg) that can damage blood vessels.
Risk factors: Age, family history, race, obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, stress, and chronic diseases.
Acute coronary syndromes (including unstable angina and myocardial infarction), involve sudden blockage of a coronary artery, and involve thrombus formation over a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque.

Vascular Conditions

Venous stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulable states contribute to venous thrombosis.
These factors promote the development of clots within the veins, most commonly in the lower extremities.

Respiratory Conditions

Hypercapnia: Excess CO2 in the blood
Hypoxemia: Low O2 in the blood.
Acute respiratory failure: A sudden decline in the ability of the lungs to provide adequate oxygenation and/or removal of carbon dioxide from the blood.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Characterized by inflammation, airflow limitation, and alveolar destruction.

Infectious Diseases- Other than Skin

Infectious diseases- other than skin: TB or tuberculosis
Most likely causative agents: TB bacteria or Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Transmission: Respiratory droplets.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Crohn's Disease: Inflammation in any part of the GI tract; often in the ileum and proximal colon;
Inflammation is discontinuous(skip lesions) and affects the entire wall of the GI tract.
Ulcerative Colitis: Inflammation limited to the mucosal lining of the large intestine, typically starting in the rectum and progressing proximally; no skip lesions.
Risk factors: Genetics, altered intestinal microbiome, smoking, NSAIDs, high carbohydrate diet, and certain medications.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD is the reflux of chyme from the stomach into the esophagus.
Risk factors: Sliding hiatal hernia, obesity, smoking, alcohol use, increased abdominal pressure, certain medications (e.g., anticholinergics, nitrates, calcium channel blockers).

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Ulcers in the stomach (gastric ulcers) or duodenum (duodenal ulcers).
Most likely caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or NSAID use.
Symptoms: Burning pain, feeling of fullness, nausea, vomiting, black/tarry stools.

Urinary Tract Obstructions

Nephrolithiasis (Kidney stones): Formation of crystals from salts in the urine.
Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction: Obstructions due to anatomical abnormalities (prostate enlargement, urethral stricture) or neurogenic bladder.
Compensatory Mechanisms: The body tries to compensate by increasing kidney size/function or by increasing urine output after obstruction is relieved.
Urinary Incontinence: Leakage of urine as a result of various conditions.

Viral Hepatitis

Infections caused by hepatitis viruses(A,B,C,D,E or G)
Clinical presentation includes jaundice, dark urine, and clay-colored stools; fatigue, anorexia, malaise, as well as a range of symptoms depending on cause.

Glomerulonephritis

An inflammation of the glomeruli (filtering units in kidneys).
Subtypes include acute, chronic, and secondary.
Acute: Typically related to bacterial infections.
Chronic: Progressive loss of kidney function.
Symptoms include hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension, oliguria,

Acute and Chronic Kidney Injury

AKI: Rapid decline in kidney function.
CKD: Progressive loss of kidney function over time.
Risk factors: Pre-existing kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension, older age, and certain medications.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to atherosclerosis and skin infections, including types, causes, and risk factors. Questions explore the roles of adipocytes, cytokines in inflammation, and common pathogens involved in conditions like cellulitis and folliculitis. Test your knowledge on these crucial health topics!