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Questions and Answers
Which statement correctly identifies a potential vector responsible for malaria?
Which statement correctly identifies a potential vector responsible for malaria?
What is one of the adaptations in humans that has developed as a response to malaria?
What is one of the adaptations in humans that has developed as a response to malaria?
Which disease is characterized by a 50% fatality rate and is transmitted through direct contact with bodily secretions?
Which disease is characterized by a 50% fatality rate and is transmitted through direct contact with bodily secretions?
What is a primary host for the Ebola virus?
What is a primary host for the Ebola virus?
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Which treatment method is effective for Ebola Virus Disease and involves binding to the virus's surface proteins?
Which treatment method is effective for Ebola Virus Disease and involves binding to the virus's surface proteins?
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The first documented outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease occurred in which region?
The first documented outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease occurred in which region?
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What type of disease classification describes cholera?
What type of disease classification describes cholera?
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Which adaptation is associated with the G6PD deficiency in humans?
Which adaptation is associated with the G6PD deficiency in humans?
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What is a common symptom of Ebola Virus Disease?
What is a common symptom of Ebola Virus Disease?
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Which modern treatment is specifically approved for one of the viruses causing Ebola, but not effective against all strains?
Which modern treatment is specifically approved for one of the viruses causing Ebola, but not effective against all strains?
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What role do CD4 cells play in the context of HIV infection?
What role do CD4 cells play in the context of HIV infection?
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What mutation provides resistance to certain strains of HIV-1?
What mutation provides resistance to certain strains of HIV-1?
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In what form can anti-retroviral therapy (ART) impact HIV?
In what form can anti-retroviral therapy (ART) impact HIV?
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What is a significant risk factor in the susceptibility to cholera?
What is a significant risk factor in the susceptibility to cholera?
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Which form of prophylaxis is effective if taken soon after potential HIV exposure?
Which form of prophylaxis is effective if taken soon after potential HIV exposure?
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What potential evolutionary adaptation may explain greater resistance to HIV in certain populations?
What potential evolutionary adaptation may explain greater resistance to HIV in certain populations?
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What factor contributes to the varied outcomes in the lifespan of individuals with HIV?
What factor contributes to the varied outcomes in the lifespan of individuals with HIV?
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What is a classic symptom associated with cholera that can lead to severe health complications?
What is a classic symptom associated with cholera that can lead to severe health complications?
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What is the primary transmission mode of HIV?
What is the primary transmission mode of HIV?
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Why is the presence of feces in water significant in the context of cholera outbreaks?
Why is the presence of feces in water significant in the context of cholera outbreaks?
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What characterizes the Age of pestilence and famine in the epidemiological transition?
What characterizes the Age of pestilence and famine in the epidemiological transition?
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How did the transition from hunting-gathering societies impact disease exposure?
How did the transition from hunting-gathering societies impact disease exposure?
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Which of the following diseases is known to have originated from animal viruses?
Which of the following diseases is known to have originated from animal viruses?
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What was a significant factor during the Age of chronic and man-made diseases?
What was a significant factor during the Age of chronic and man-made diseases?
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In which region did the first cholera pandemic originate?
In which region did the first cholera pandemic originate?
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Which key aspect contributed to the emergence of cities around 3000 BCE and its associated health issues?
Which key aspect contributed to the emergence of cities around 3000 BCE and its associated health issues?
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The phenomenon of zoonotic diseases includes which of the following characteristics?
The phenomenon of zoonotic diseases includes which of the following characteristics?
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What factor primarily caused the shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases in lower and middle-income countries?
What factor primarily caused the shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases in lower and middle-income countries?
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What practice began to change landscapes and contributed to disease emergence during the Neolithic period?
What practice began to change landscapes and contributed to disease emergence during the Neolithic period?
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Which statement best describes the current state of epidemiological transition?
Which statement best describes the current state of epidemiological transition?
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Which of the following best describes miasma theory?
Which of the following best describes miasma theory?
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What significant contribution did Louis Pasteur make to the understanding of disease?
What significant contribution did Louis Pasteur make to the understanding of disease?
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How did industrialization and urbanization affect disease risk in preindustrial cities?
How did industrialization and urbanization affect disease risk in preindustrial cities?
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Which factor contributed to the re-emergence of infectious diseases in communities during preindustrial times?
Which factor contributed to the re-emergence of infectious diseases in communities during preindustrial times?
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What impact does culture have on the relationship with disease in modern cities?
What impact does culture have on the relationship with disease in modern cities?
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Legionnaire's disease is primarily associated with which of the following?
Legionnaire's disease is primarily associated with which of the following?
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What was a key limitation of the miasma theory in understanding disease transmission?
What was a key limitation of the miasma theory in understanding disease transmission?
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In what era did the Germ Theory of Disease emerge?
In what era did the Germ Theory of Disease emerge?
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Which aspect of disease was highlighted by studying the conditions in modern cities?
Which aspect of disease was highlighted by studying the conditions in modern cities?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the understanding of diseases in preindustrial times?
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the understanding of diseases in preindustrial times?
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Study Notes
Infectious Disease Adaptation
- Infectious diseases have co-evolved with humans for thousands of years
- Humans have adapted somewhat to infectious diseases, but the level of adaptation varies
- Malnutrition is a factor in the susceptibility and spread of infectious illnesses
- Infectious diseases include vector-borne, direct-contact, intimate contact, and poor sanitation diseases
- Malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium falciparium, transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes
- Malaria has resulted in Hb variants, sickle cell trait, thalassemia, and G6PD deficiency, as adaptations to combat it
- Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a direct-contact/zoonotic disease transmitted from animals, highly virulent in humans, and fruit bats are natural hosts
- Transmission in EVD can occur via human-to-human contact, particularly via bodily fluids
- Symptoms of Ebola include fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, rash and impaired kidney and liver functions. A 50% mortality rate, ranging from 25 to 90% of infected individuals, has been observed. There have been notable outbreaks in Central Africa in 1976 and in West Africa (2014-2016). More recent outbreaks in the DRC (2018-2020) are showing ~3000 cases and ~2000 deaths
- Treatments and adaptations for Ebola include rehydration with oral/IV fluids, monoclonal antibody treatments binding to virus proteins, and a vaccine effective against one specific virus
- HIV, a human immunodeficiency virus, is an intimate contact disease that weakens the immune system and destroys CD4 cells
- HIV has varying degrees of resistance and some individuals can live with the infection for 20 years
- HIV adaptations include mutations in the chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), which can make people resistant to certain strains of HIV-1
- Cholera is a waterborne disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, leading to dehydration and diarrhea, and can be fatal
- Symptoms of cholera are dehydration, diarrhea/vomiting, with ~95,000 deaths annually
- Cholera susceptibility can vary based on blood type, with type O individuals potentially more susceptible
- Adaptations for cholera may potentially involve hyperactivation of key signaling molecules in intestinal cells, leading to inflammation, and electrolyte, water excretion.
- Malnutrition and infectious disease can be interconnected, where malnutrition weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible or exacerbating the severity of infectious diseases
- Poverty is a factor in infectious diseases
- Poverty can lead to malnutrition, poor sanitation, limited access to healthcare, and increased pathogen loads, which in turn can increase the risk of mortality and disease transmission
- The epidemiological transition describes shifts in patterns of human disease prevalence across time, noting a transition from pestilence to receding pandemics to degenerative disease
- The reemergence of infectious diseases, increased microbial resistance, and the rise of zoonotic diseases are modern concerns
Modern Cities, Disease, and Culture
- Culture has modified how humans interact with the environment both physically and biologically
- Legionnaire's disease, a pneumonia-like illness caused by Legionella bacteria, poses a risk in modern city environments, particularly in AC duct systems, hot tubs, and fountains
Diseases of the Past
- Diseases common among hunter-gatherers and early agriculturalists included exposure diseases, parasites such as lice, worms, and protozoa, and zoonotic diseases like yellow fever
- Later, with the rise of settled agricultural communities, increased population density, and sanitation issues, diseases like typhoid and cholera emerged
- The emergence of industrial-era cities increased the risk of infectious diseases, as evidenced by disease outbreaks in concentrated populations
- Miasma theory was the historical belief that diseases were caused by bad air. The prevailing idea was that removing "bad smells" actually reduced the transmission of germs.
Understanding of Disease
- Germ theory, in contrast, has superseded the miasma theory, emphasizing that microorganisms cause infectious diseases. Key figures in the shift included Louis Pasteur
- Knowledge of germs existed before the germ theory, but the connection between germs & infectious disease was absent
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Description
Test your knowledge on the adaptation of humans to infectious diseases. This quiz covers various types of infectious diseases, including malaria and Ebola, and highlights the impact of nutrition and genetic adaptations. Explore how co-evolution has shaped human resistance to these illnesses.
