Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Malaria
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Questions and Answers

What two proteins are used to categorize different subtypes of the influenza A virus?

  • Cytokine and Antigen
  • Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase (correct)
  • Protease and Ligase
  • Lactase and Amylase

During which pandemic did approximately 500 million people get infected?

  • Spanish Flu (correct)
  • Bird Flu
  • COVID-19
  • Swine Flu

What was unique about the novel H1N1 virus that emerged in 2009?

  • It had no significant health effects
  • It was an unusual mix of avian, swine, and human strains (correct)
  • It solely affected elderly individuals
  • It was the first human influenza virus identified

Which group of people is at a higher risk for severe illness from influenza?

<p>People with underlying health conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following influenza A subtypes is commonly found in humans?

<p>H1N1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918-1919?

<p>Schools and businesses were closed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What parasite is responsible for causing malaria?

<p>Plasmodium spp. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory illness emerged in December 2019 and was detected in Wuhan, China?

<p>COVID-19 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fraction of the global population was infected by the 2009-2010 Swine Flu pandemic?

<p>11-21% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mosquito species is primarily responsible for the transmission of malaria?

<p>Anopheles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event in the 1950s contributed to the elimination of malaria in the U.S.?

<p>Widespread use of DDT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a proposed method to prevent infectious diseases?

<p>Ignoring vaccination programs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main routes of exposure for infectious diseases mentioned?

<p>Droplets, Fomites, Aerosols (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to the re-emergence of malaria in the U.S. as of 2023?

<p>Homegrown cases due to infected individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to the rise of malaria-associated mortalities in recent years?

<p>Emergence of drug resistance in the parasite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many people are estimated to be infected with malaria-causing protozoan parasites today?

<p>300-500 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major factor led to the neglect of malaria control programs after the use of DDT?

<p>Assumed eradication of the disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended malaria vaccine for children in high transmission areas?

<p>RTS,S/AS01 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated reduction in uncomplicated malaria cases due to current malaria vaccines?

<p>40% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of preventing the spread of malaria mentioned in the content?

<p>Mosquito nets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is primarily suspected as the natural reservoir for SARS-CoV?

<p>Himalayan masked civet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate case-fatality ratio (CFR) for MERS-CoV as reported?

<p>35% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is most commonly associated with MERS-CoV infection?

<p>Shortness of breath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about West Nile Virus is correct?

<p>It is mosquito-borne. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS have been reported globally from April 2012 to date?

<p>2,613 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition has been linked to Zika virus infection during pregnancy?

<p>Microcephaly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the emergence of a disease new to a population, affecting it globally?

<p>Pandemic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mosquito species is primarily responsible for spreading the Zika virus?

<p>Aedes aegypti (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 2015-2016 Zika outbreak?

<p>It impacted the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Zika virus infection?

<p>Shortness of breath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of SARS's spread during its initial outbreak?

<p>Economic and social damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated annual global impact of influenza?

<p>Affects 5-15% of the population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Re-emerging Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases that were once under control but are now experiencing a resurgence.

Malaria: Transmission

Malaria is spread through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasite Plasmodium spp. lives in the mosquito and is transmitted to humans.

Malaria: Re-emergence

Malaria re-emerged due to factors like resistance to DDT and antimalarial drugs, neglect of control programs, and increased travel to endemic areas.

Malaria: Endemic Areas

Regions where malaria is commonly found, typically tropical countries.

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Malaria: US Resurgence

The US saw a resurgence of malaria in 2023 after decades of elimination, due to the presence of Anopheles mosquitoes and increased travel.

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Malaria: Impact

Malaria causes serious illness and death, with over 600,000-1 million deaths annually.

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Malaria: Drug Resistance

The parasite that causes malaria has developed resistance to certain drugs, making treatment more challenging.

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Malaria: Vaccines

Two malaria vaccines are currently recommended for children living in areas with moderate to high malaria transmission.

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Influenza A Subtypes

Influenza A viruses are categorized into subtypes based on two surface proteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). There are 16 different H subtypes and 9 different N subtypes, resulting in various combinations like H1N1 and H3N2.

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Pandemic Flu

A global outbreak of an infectious disease, usually caused by a new or highly contagious strain of a virus, affecting a large number of people across multiple continents.

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Spanish Flu (1918-1919)

A severe pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus, infecting approximately 1/3 of the world's population and resulting in an estimated 50-100 million deaths.

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Swine Flu (2009-2010)

A pandemic caused by a novel H1N1 virus, a mix of avian, swine and human strains. It infected 11-21% of the global population and resulted in approximately 284,000 deaths.

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Novel H1N1 (Swine Flu)

A new strain of influenza A (H1N1) virus that emerged in 2009, different from regular human H1N1 strains. Composed of avian, swine and human viral components.

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COVID-19

A highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It originated in bats and was first detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019.

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COVID-19 Transmission

SARS-CoV-2 spreads through respiratory droplets expelled when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets can be inhaled or contact the mouth, eyes, or nose.

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Routes of COVID-19 Exposure

Three main routes of exposure to COVID-19: 1. Droplets: direct contact with infectious droplets 2. Fomites: contact with contaminated objects like doorknobs 3. Aerosols: inhaling smaller, longer-hanging particles

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Influenza A vs. COVID-19

Influenza A and COVID-19 are respiratory illnesses caused by different viruses. Influenza A is caused by a virus with H and N subtypes, while COVID-19 is caused by a beta coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2.

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Preventing Infectious Disease

Strategies to prevent infectious diseases include: increasing research, reducing poverty and malnutrition, reducing antibiotic misuse, vaccination, hand washing, oral hydration for diarrhea, and reducing HIV/AIDS.

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Malaria Vaccine Effectiveness

Current malaria vaccines reduce uncomplicated malaria by ~40%, severe malaria by ~30%, and all-cause mortality by 13%.

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Malaria Prevention Strategies

Prevention measures include insecticide-treated bed nets, home screening, biological control, altering marsh areas, and zinc & vitamin A supplements for children.

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DDT and Malaria Control

Despite a ban on DDT, 25 countries are allowed to use it for malaria control until alternatives are available.

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SARS Outbreak

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) first emerged in 2003 as a global threat.

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SARS Origin and Transmission

SARS is believed to have originated in animals and crossed species to humans, possibly from civets, ferret badgers, or raccoon dogs.

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SARS Impact

SARS caused over 8,000 cases and 774 deaths in 26 countries, impacting economies, societies, politics, and international image.

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MERS-CoV

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a viral respiratory disease first identified in 2012.

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MERS-CoV Symptoms

Typical symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and pneumonia. Gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea can also occur.

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MERS-CoV Transmission

MERS-CoV is zoonotic, transmitted from dromedary camels to humans. Human-to-human transmission is possible, especially in healthcare settings.

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West Nile Virus

West Nile Virus is a mosquito-borne illness that can cause mild flu-like symptoms or serious neurological issues.

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Zika Virus

Zika Virus is a mosquito-borne illness that can cause mild symptoms, but is especially dangerous for pregnant women.

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Zika Virus Impact

The 2015-2016 Zika outbreak impacted the 2016 Summer Olympics and primarily affected the Americas.

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Epidemic vs. Pandemic

An epidemic is a localized surge in cases, while a pandemic is a worldwide epidemic with a new disease spreading easily and sustainably.

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Annual Influenza

Influenza affects a significant portion of the global population each year, causing severe illness and death.

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Study Notes

Re-emerging Infectious Diseases

  • Malaria is a life-threatening disease prevalent in tropical regions, caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes, not person-to-person.
  • Malaria was once endemic in the US, but elimination efforts led to its decline. However, recent cases, like in Florida, Texas, and Maryland, suggest re-emergence due to the presence of Anopheles mosquitoes and the reduced population infected with Plasmodium.
  • Historically, widespread DDT use effectively controlled mosquitoes, but its ban led to malaria re-emergence and parasite resistance to available treatments, including chloroquine and mefloquine.
  • Today, there are more malaria cases than 40 years ago, with around 600,000-1 million deaths each year and an estimated 300-500 million infections.
  • Drug resistance in Plasmodium has made malaria mortality rise.
  • Two vaccines are currently available for children in high-transmission areas, reducing uncomplicated and severe malaria cases and overall mortality.

Emerging Infectious Diseases

  • SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is caused by SARS-CoV, initially recognized as a global threat in 2003. Believed to be an animal virus (likely Himalayan masked civet, Chinese ferret badger, or raccoon dog) that crossed to humans.
  • SARS spread easily between people, requiring no vector, silently incubating for over a week, mimicking other illnesses, and killing ~10% of those infected. Its ease of transmission along international air travel routes and in hospitals negatively impacted economies and international relations.
  • Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) is another viral respiratory disease emerging in 2012, caused by MERS-CoV, likely zoonotic and transmitted from dromedary camels.
  • Initial transmission occurred predominantly amongst close contacts or in healthcare settings, with human infections documented in dromedary camels in several Middle Eastern, African, and South Asian countries.
  • West Nile Virus, a mosquito-borne illness, causes mild flu-like symptoms and neurological issues (in approximately one out of 150 infected). Originating in Uganda, it has since spread globally, with >5,500 USA cases in 2012-2016 and a yearly average of roughly 2,000.
  • Zika Virus, emerging in the 1940s and linked to dengue, yellow fever, etc viruses, spreads via Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquito bites. Many infections are asymptomatic or mild. However, infection during pregnancy can cause birth defects like microcephaly.
  • Epidemics are more cases than usual; pandemics are worldwide epidemics of novel diseases, with facile human-to-human transmission.
  • Seasonal influenza (flu), estimated to affect 5–15% of the global population annually, and causes significant illness and deaths (250,000–500,000 worldwide). Influenza A viruses (H1N1 and H3N2) are commonly found. Subtypes are based on surface proteins (hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)).
  • 20th-century flu pandemics include Spanish Flu (1918-1919), Swine Flu (2009-2010).
  • Novel (Swine) A/H1N1, a new virus emerged in 2009, with generally mild illness except for some high-risk groups.
  • COVID-19, a SARS-CoV-2 beta coronavirus, emerged in Wuhan, China in 2019, likely from a wet market. It spreads via droplets, fomites, and aerosols.
  • Other pathogens to watch out for include Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, Marburg virus, Lassa fever, Nipah and henipaviral diseases, Rift Valley fever, and Disease X.

Preventing Infectious Diseases

  • Increased research is needed
  • Reducing poverty, improving drinking water quality, and minimizing overuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock are crucial.
  • Careful handwashing, child immunization, and oral hydration for diarrhea are essential preventive measures.
  • Efforts to reduce HIV/AIDS are also vital.

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Description

This quiz explores the resurgence of malaria, a dangerous disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Examine the historical context, recent cases in the US, and the challenges posed by drug resistance and mosquito control measures. Test your knowledge on malaria's impact and the current state of vaccination efforts.

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