Diseases: Malaria and Tuberculosis

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Questions and Answers

What is a consequence of the genetic flexibility of Prokaryotes?

Rigidity in metabolic pathways

Targeting variably expressed structures (correct)

Predictability of gene expression patterns

Difficulty in classification and diagnostics

What is the primary function of the cell wall and cell membrane in Prokaryotes?

To provide a protective barrier against the environment (correct)

To facilitate nutrient uptake

To regulate gene expression

To separate cytoplasm from the exterior

What is the significance of different morphologies in Prokaryotes?

They affect the type of environment they inhabit

They have no significance in Prokaryotes

They affect the surface area to volume ratio (correct)

They affect the type of nutrients absorbed

What is a characteristic of Gram-positive peptidoglycan walls?

They are thick and connected to the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Gram-negative cell envelopes?

They have a thin peptidoglycan wall and an outer membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria?

Outside the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Gram stain?

To differentiate between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the SA/V ratio in filament morphology?

It is high Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mucous membranes in the body?

To prevent the attachment, colonization, and invasion of undesirable pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the mucociliary blanket that traps foreign bodies in the respiratory tract?

Mucus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the stomach prevents microbial infection?

Highly acidic conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the genitourinary tract?

Highly alkaline environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysozyme in the body?

To cleave peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage reduction in malaria globally since 2000?

65% Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the male and female genitourinary tracts that affects the incidence of UTIs?

Distance barrier Signup and view all the answers

Why has the development of a vaccine for malaria been hindered?

Complex immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vaginal flora in the genitourinary tract?

To degrade glycogen and produce lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the conjunctiva in the eye?

To secrete mucus Signup and view all the answers

What is a effective way to reduce malaria infection?

Using insecticide treated nets over beds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of tuberculosis?

Bacterial infection Signup and view all the answers

How is tuberculosis typically transmitted?

Through airborne transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the current global health goal for tuberculosis?

Ending the TB epidemic by 2030 Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the discovery of anti-tubercular drugs in the 1940s and 1950s?

Effective tuberculosis cure Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of lives saved through TB diagnosis and treatment between 2000 and 2016?

53 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary habitat of Bacillus?

Soil Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for Chlamydia's intrinsic resistance to antibiotics targeting peptidoglycan?

Absence of peptidoglycan in its cell wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic arrangement of flagella in Salmonella?

Peritrichous flagella Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a virulence factor of Salmonella?

Endotoxin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Bacillus anthracis?

Zoonotic transmission from animals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary habitat of Vibrio?

Marine environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Chlamydia that makes it an 'energy parasite'?

Dependence on host cells for ATP and other metabolites Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?

Trachoma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Aerobic Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Chlamydia that allows it to grow inside phagocytes?

Unusual cell wall structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Vibrio cholerae?

Faecal contamination of water Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical disease caused by Salmonella enterica?

Self-limiting diarrhoea Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic shape of Vibrio cholerae?

Curved rod Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection is commonly associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Nosocomial infection Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Control of Malaria

Reduction of malaria cases by 65% globally since 2000
Malaria can infect people multiple times, and immune response is complex, hindering vaccine development
Insecticide-treated nets can be very effective in reducing infection
Two key proteins essential for malaria parasites to escape red blood cells identified as promising drug targets

Tuberculosis

Chronic bacterial infection causing high morbidity and mortality
Airborne disease usually transmitted only after prolonged exposure
1.8 million deaths in 2015
Typically infects lungs, but can also infect other organs at later stages
Myobacterium tuberculosis has a complex, relatively impermeable cell wall and is slow-growing, making it difficult to detect and cure

Global Tuberculosis Status 2016

10.4 million people fell ill with TB, and 1.7 million died from the disease
Over 95% of TB deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries
TB is a leading killer of people with HIV, with 40% of HIV deaths attributed to TB
Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) remains a public health crisis and health security threat
WHO estimates 600,000 new cases with resistance to rifampicin
53 million lives saved through TB diagnosis and treatment between 2000 and 2016

Prokaryote Genome Organization and Gene Expression

Prokaryotes are extremely flexible in terms of gene content and expression pattern
Phenotypic variation must be used carefully in classification and management strategies

Prokaryote Structure

Primary components of prokaryote structure are the cell wall and cell membrane(s)
Function: protective barrier against environment, separates cytoplasm from exterior
Different morphologies have different surface area/volume ratios, affecting survival, compromise, and nutrient uptake

Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Cell Envelopes

Gram negatives have a thin peptidoglycan wall and an outer membrane, while Gram positives have a thicker peptidoglycan wall connected to the plasma membrane
The Gram stain differentiates between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

Mucosal Membranes

Mucosal membranes have a tightly packed epithelium covered by secreted mucus
Resists penetration, traps microbes, and often has antimicrobial secretions
Protects against attachment, colonization, and invasion of undesirable pathogens

Respiratory System

Nose contains tiny hairs that mechanically filter inhaled air of organisms and foreign matter
Mucociliary blanket or 'escalator' removes foreign bodies from the respiratory tract

Gastrointestinal Tract

Stomach: gastric juice is pH 2-3, killing microbes
Small intestine: pancreatic enzymes, bile, and Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue prevent pathogenic microbes
Colon: normal flora, lysozyme, and peptides help prevent establishment of pathogenic microbes

Genitourinary Tract

Normally sterile, with low pH and urea
Distal urethra has some microorganisms
Vagina has lactic acid bacteria, keeping pH low and unfavourable for many microbes

Eye

Conjunctiva lines the interior surface of the eyelids and secretes mucus
Motile by peritrichous flagella

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Description

Quiz about malaria and tuberculosis, including their global impact, prevention methods, and vaccine development. Topics include insecticide-treated nets, immune response, and promising drug targets.