Questions and Answers
What is the classification of West Nile Virus (WNV)?
What is the natural host of West Nile Virus (WNV)?
What percentage of infected individuals with West Nile Virus (WNV) remain asymptomatic?
Which of the following transmission cycles is unique to the America strain of yellow fever virus?
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What is the mode of transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) from birds to humans?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus?
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Which of the following is a severe complication of West Nile Virus (WNV) infection?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of yellow fever?
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Why are humans considered 'dead-end hosts' for West Nile Virus (WNV)?
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What is the primary diagnostic method for Zika virus infection in the first 14 days?
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What is NOT a mode of transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV)?
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What is a major complication of Zika virus infection?
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What is the treatment for yellow fever?
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What is a common co-infection with yellow fever virus?
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What is the natural host of the Ebola virus?
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What is the typical incubation period of Rabies?
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What is the primary method of diagnosis for Ebola?
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What is the primary mode of transmission of Rabies?
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What is the typical progression of symptoms in Ebola?
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What is the primary method of prevention against Rabies?
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What is the mortality rate of Ebola?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for the plague?
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Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of bubonic plague?
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What is the primary prevention method for Zika infection?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Ebola virus?
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What is the diagnosis method for plague?
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What is the treatment for pneumonic plague?
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Which of the following is a complication of bubonic plague?
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What is the primary vector for Zika virus transmission?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of preventing Zika infection?
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Study Notes
Infections of International Public Health Significance
- These infections have the potential to spread rapidly, are associated with mortality and morbidity, and can cause public panic and concern.
- They can be controlled by strict adherence to infection control, and may require additional public health measures such as restricting international movement, screening travelers for fever, and setting up testing and treatment protocols in advance.
Mosquito-Borne Infections
- West Nile Virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that was introduced to North America in 1999 and spread rapidly due to the presence of a competent vector.
- Natural hosts of WNV are birds, which are transmitted to mosquitoes, and then to humans who are "dead-end hosts".
- Clinical symptoms of WNV include fever, aches, and pains, headache, and malaise, with a significant risk of severe disease and death in older and immunosuppressed individuals.
- WNV can be transmitted to newborns if the mother is infected at the time of birth.
Yellow Fever
- Yellow fever is a flavivirus that causes fever, flu-like illness, nausea, and vomiting, with a high risk of death.
- The virus can be detected by nucleic acid detection in the first few days of infection, and diagnosis can be confirmed by serology.
- There is no treatment for yellow fever, but a safe and effective vaccine is available for prevention.
Zika Virus
- Zika virus is a flavivirus that is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, but can also be transmitted person-person through sexual contact.
- Symptoms of Zika include fever, rash, conjunctivitis, and muscle and joint pains, with a major risk of birth defects, particularly microcephaly.
- Diagnosis of Zika can be made using NAAT for virus in the first 14 days, serum, or urine.
- There is no treatment for Zika, but prevention methods include avoiding mosquitoes, using DEET or other repellents, and avoiding travel to risk areas.
Ebola and Viral Haemorrhagic Fever
- Ebola is a filovirus that causes life-threatening haemorrhagic fever, with symptoms including headache, fever, lack of energy, sore throat, and muscle aches, progressing to vomiting blood and diarrhea, and internal bleeding.
- Diagnosis of Ebola can be made by detection of viral nucleic acid, and treatment is supportive.
- Prevention of Ebola includes a Canadian-developed vaccine that appears to be effective.
Rabies
- Rabies is a lyssavirus infection that can be transmitted from infected animals, including bats, skunks, and raccoons.
- Symptoms of rabies include pain at the site of inoculation, progressing to headache, malaise, seizures, hallucinations, disorientation, coma, and death.
- Prevention of rabies includes washing wounds, rabies immune globulin, and anti-rabies vaccine.
Flea-Borne Infections - Plague
- Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis and is primarily transmitted by fleas, with natural hosts being rodents, particularly rats.
- Clinical features of plague include bubonic (flea-transmitted) and pneumonic (person-person transmitted) forms, with symptoms including painful enlarged lymph nodes, headache, and malaise, progressing to sepsis and death.
- Diagnosis of plague can be made by culture of blood, discharge of bubo, or sputum, and treatment is with Streptomycin or doxycycline.
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Description
This quiz covers infections that have the potential to spread rapidly, causing mortality, morbidity, and public panic, and require strict infection control measures.
