25 Questions
Which of the following is a disease characterized by infants stopping growing?
Marasmus
In which region are members of Black, American Indian, and Hispanic households more likely to live in poverty according to the text?
North America
What defines obesity in children according to the text?
Body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex
Which disease is characterized by a child's stomach, limbs, and face swelling with water?
Kwashiorkor
Which organization is listed as a source for information on child malnutrition estimates in the text?
World Health Organization
What disorder is described as infants not growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention from parents?
Nonorganic failure to thrive
What do the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians recommend regarding breastfeeding?
Exclusive breastfeeding for about six months
What is a benefit of breast milk for infants?
Offers immunity to childhood diseases
When is it recommended to start introducing solid foods to infants?
After six months
What do some mothers in the United States choose to do regarding breastfeeding?
Continue breastfeeding for two or three years
What is a characteristic of breast milk that may enhance cognitive growth?
Contains complex carbohydrates called oligosaccharides
What is the primary focus that parents should have regarding their baby's nutrition?
Appropriate nutrition
Why can infants discriminate their own name from other words by the age of 4 months?
By reacting to changes in musical key and rhythm
How do infants differentiate their mother's voice from other voices?
By pinpointing the direction from which a sound is emanating
What is one way infants demonstrate sensitivity to taste?
By showing facial expressions of disgust at bitter tastes
How do infants react to bitter tastes according to the text?
By showing facial expressions of disgust
Why can some breastfed babies distinguish their mother's scent but not their father's based on odor?
Because they have a well-developed sense of smell at birth
What indicates that infants are born with the capacity to experience pain?
Their developmental progression in reactions to pain
What is a potential long-term effect of exposure to pain in infancy?
Permanent rewiring of the nervous system
Which sensory system is one of the most highly developed in a newborn according to the text?
Touch system
What is the function of affordances in the multimodal approach to perception?
Provide options in a given situation or stimulus
How does gentle massage impact an infant's brain according to the text?
Stimulates the production of certain chemicals
What is one way suggested to exercise an infant's body and senses?
Allow rough-and-tumble play
Which reflex mentioned in the text requires touch sensitivity to operate?
Rooting reflex
What role does touch play in social development according to the text?
Is associated with social development
Study Notes
Growth and Nutrition
- Failure to thrive is a disease characterized by infants stopping growing.
- Obesity in children is defined as a BMI above the 95th percentile for age and sex.
Poverty and Malnutrition
- Members of Black, American Indian, and Hispanic households are more likely to live in poverty, which increases the risk of malnutrition.
- UNICEF is listed as a source for information on child malnutrition estimates.
Disorders and Development
- Psychosocial dwarfism is a disorder characterized by infants not growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention from parents.
- Nephrotic syndrome is a disease characterized by a child's stomach, limbs, and face swelling with water.
Breastfeeding and Nutrition
- The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months.
- Breast milk has immunoglobulins that help protect infants from infections.
- Breast milk has fatty acids that enhance cognitive growth.
- Solid foods should be introduced to infants at around six months.
- Some mothers in the United States choose to breastfeed based on personal and cultural beliefs.
Infant Development and Perception
- Infants can discriminate their own name from other words by the age of four months.
- Infants differentiate their mother's voice from other voices based on the sound and rhythm of her voice.
- Infants demonstrate sensitivity to taste, and react to bitter tastes with a facial expression of disgust.
- Breastfed babies can distinguish their mother's scent but not their father's based on odor.
- Infants are born with the capacity to experience pain, and repeated exposure to pain can have long-term effects.
- The tactile system is one of the most highly developed sensory systems in newborns.
Sensory Development and Social Development
- Affordances in the multimodal approach to perception refer to the possibilities for action provided by the environment.
- Gentle massage can impact an infant's brain development and reduce stress.
- Exercising an infant's body and senses through activities like tummy time or sensory play can enhance development.
- The rooting reflex, which requires touch sensitivity, helps infants locate their mother's nipple for feeding.
- Touch plays a crucial role in social development, as it provides comfort, security, and emotional regulation.
Test your knowledge on how infants are able to discriminate various sounds, including musical key changes, language-related sounds, and their mother's voice. Discover the milestones in sound localization and discrimination in infants!
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