Feldman_10e_Ch04_VideoPPT.pptx

Development Across the Life Span Tenth Edition Chapter 4 Physical Development in Infancy Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (1 of 3) 4.1 Describe how the human body develops in the first two years of life, including the four principles that...

Development Across the Life Span Tenth Edition Chapter 4 Physical Development in Infancy Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (1 of 3) 4.1 Describe how the human body develops in the first two years of life, including the four principles that govern its growth. 4.2 Describe how the nervous system and brain develop in the first two years of life and how the environment affects such development. 4.3 Explain the body rhythms and states that govern an infant’s behavior in the first two years of life. 4.4 Discuss SUID and SIDS and how they can be prevented. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (2 of 3) 4.5 Explain how the reflexes that infants are born with help them adapt to their surroundings and protect themselves. 4.6 Summarize the landmarks of motor skill development in infancy. 4.7 Summarize the role of nutrition in the physical development of infants. 4.8 Summarize the benefits of breastfeeding in infancy. 4.9 Describe the capabilities of infants in the realm of visual perception. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (3 of 3) 4.10 Describe the capabilities of infants in the realm of auditory sensation and perception. 4.11 Describe the smell and taste capacities of infants. 4.12 Describe the nature of pain and touch in infants. 4.13 Summarize the multimodal approach to perception. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Development in Infancy Infancy is a period that starts at birth and continues until the second birthday. Source: Steve Gorton/Zara Ronchi/DK Images Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Growth and Stability Physical Growth: The Rapid Advances of Infancy The Nervous System and Brain: The Foundations of Development Integrating the Bodily Systems: The Life Cycles of Infancy SUID and SIDS: Unanticipated Killers Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Growth: The Rapid Advances of Infancy (1 of 3) LO 4.1 Describe how the human body develops in the first two years of life, including the four principles that govern its growth. Infants grow at a rapid pace over the first two years of their lives. – By 5 months old, the average birthweight doubles, to around 15 pounds. – By 1 year old, the weight triples, to about 22 pounds. – By the end of the second year, the average child weighs around four times as much as they did at birth. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-1: Height and Weight Growth Although the greatest increase in height and weight occurs during the first year of life, children continue to grow throughout infancy and toddlerhood. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Growth: The Rapid Advances of Infancy (2 of 3) The weight gains of infancy are matched by increased length. Not all parts of an infant’s body grow at the same rate. – At birth, the head accounts for one-quarter of the newborn’s entire body size. – During the first two years, the rest of the body begins to catch up. There are sex and racial differences in infant weight and length. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-2: Decreasing Proportions At birth, the head represents one-quarter of the neonate’s body. By adulthood, the head is only one-eighth the size of the body. Why is the neonate’s head proportionally so much larger? Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Growth: The Rapid Advances of Infancy (3 of 3) Four Principles of Growth Cephalocaudal principle: growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body Proximodistal principle: development proceeds from the center of the body outward Principle of hierarchical integration: simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills Principle of the independence of systems: different body systems grow at different rates Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 4-1: The Major Principles Governing Growth Cephalocaudal Principle Proximodistal Principle Growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds to the rest of the body. Based on Greek and Latin roots meaning “head to tail.” Development proceeds from the center of the body outward. Based on the Latin words for “near” and “far.” Principle of Hierarchical Integration Simple skills typically develop separately and independently. Later they are integrated into more complex skills. Principle of the Independence of Systems Different body systems grow at different rates. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nervous System and Brain: The Foundations of Development (1 of 5) LO 4.2 Describe how the nervous system and brain develop in the first two years of life and how the environment affects such development. The nervous system is composed of the brain and the nerves that extend throughout the body. Neurons: the basic nerve cells of the nervous system Dendrites: clusters of fibers that receive messages from other cells Axons: the parts of the neuron that carry messages destined for other neurons Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-3: The Neuron The basic element of the nervous system, the neuron, has a number of components. (Source: Van de Graaff, 2000.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nervous System and Brain: The Foundations of Development (2 of 5) Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers by which neurons communicate Synapses: small gaps between neurons Infants are born with between 100 billion and 200 billion neurons. During the first two years, a baby’s brain will establish billions of new connections between neurons. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-4: Neuron Networks Over the first two years of life, networks of neurons become increasingly complex and interconnected. Why are these connections important? (Source: Conel, 1930/1963.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nervous System and Brain: The Foundations of Development (3 of 5) Synaptic Pruning The billions of new synapses infants form during the first two years are more numerous than necessary. Pruning allows established neurons to build more elaborate communication networks with other neurons. Synaptic pruning: the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation Myelin: a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nervous System and Brain: The Foundations of Development (4 of 5) Synaptic Pruning (continued) As neurons grow, they reposition themselves, becoming arranged by function; some move into the cerebral cortex—the upper layer of the brain—others to subcortical levels. Auditory cortex and visual cortex areas have a growth spurt. Shaken baby syndrome – Shaking can lead to brain rotation within the skull; blood vessels tear, causing severe medical problems, long-term disabilities, and sometimes death. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-5: Shaken Baby This CT scan shows areas of the brain indicating (in red) severe brain injury in an infant suspected of being abused by a caretaker. (Source: Matlung et al., 2011.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nervous System and Brain: The Foundations of Development (5 of 5) Environmental Influences on Brain Development Plasticity: the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience – Infants who grow up in severely restricted environments are likely to show differences in brain structure and weight. Sensitive period: a specific but limited time, usually early in an organism’s life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Integrating the Bodily Systems: The Life Cycles of Infancy (1 of 3) LO 4.3 Explain the body rhythms and states that govern an infant’s behavior in the first two years of life. Rhythms and States Rhythms: repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior, such as the change from wakefulness to sleep State: the degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation – Each change in state alters the amount of stimulation required to get an infant’s attention. – Electrical brain waves can be measured by electroencephalogram (EEG). Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 4-2: Primary Behavioral States (1 of 4) States: Awake States Alert Nonalert waking Fuss Cry Characteristics Attentive or scanning, the infant’s eyes are open, bright, and shining. Eyes are usually open but dull and unfocused. Varied, but typically high motor activity. Fussing is continuous or intermittent, at low levels. Intense vocalizations occurring singly or in succession. Time When in State (%) 6.7 2.8 1.8 1.7 Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 4-2: Primary Behavioral States (2 of 4) States: Transition States Between Sleep and Waking Drowse Daze Sleep–wake transition Characteristics Infant’s eyes are heavy-lidded but opening and closing slowly. Low level of motor activity. Open but glassy and immobile eyes. State occurs between episodes of alert and drowse. Low level of activity. Behaviors of both wakefulness and sleep are evident. Generalized motor activity; eyes may be closed or they open and close rapidly. State occurs when baby is awakening. Time When in State (%) 4.4 1.0 1.3 Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 4-2: Primary Behavioral States (3 of 4) States: Sleep States Active sleep Quiet sleep Characteristics Eyes closed; uneven respiration; intermittent rapid eye movements. Other behaviors: smiles, frowns, grimaces, mouthing, sucking, sighs, and sigh-sobs. Eyes are closed, and respiration is slow and regular. Motor activity is limited to occasional startles, sigh-sobs, or rhythmic mouthing. Time When in State (%) 50.3 28.1 Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 4-2: Primary Behavioral States (4 of 4) States: Transitional Sleep States Active–quiet transition sleep Characteristics During this state, which occurs between periods of active sleep and quiet sleep, the eyes are closed and there is little motor activity. Infant shows mixed behavioral signs of active sleep and quiet sleep. Time When in State (%) 1.9 Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cyclical Patterns Infants cycle through various states, including crying and alertness. These states are integrated through bodily rhythms. Source: Intellistudies/Fotolia Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Integrating the Bodily Systems: The Life Cycles of Infancy (2 of 3) Sleep: Perchance to Dream? The major state occupying the infant is sleep. On average, newborns sleep 16 to 17 hours a day; overall, time can range from 10 to 20 hours a day. Sleep stages are fitful and “out of sync” during early infancy. By the end of the first year, most infants are sleeping through the night, for a total of about 15 hours. During sleep, infants’ heart rates increase and become irregular, blood pressure rises, and breathing is rapid. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Integrating the Bodily Systems: The Life Cycles of Infancy (3 of 3) Sleep: Perchance to Dream? (continued) REM—rapid eye movement sleep: the period of sleep that is found in older children and adults that is associated with dreaming Brain waves in sleeping infants are different from those of adults who are dreaming. Researchers think the function of REM sleep in infants is to provide a means for the brain to stimulate itself—a process called autostimulation. Environmental influences and cultural practices affect the sleep patterns of infants. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Video: Sleep Training for Parents and Infants Click on the screenshot to view this video. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-6: REM Sleep Through the Life Span As we age, the proportion of REM sleep decreases. In addition, the total amount of sleep falls as we get older. (Source: Based on Roffwarg et al., 1966.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. SUID and SIDS: Unanticipated Killers (1 of 2) LO 4.4 Discuss SUID and SIDS and how they can be prevented. Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID): the abrupt death of an infant less than 1 year old that is unanticipated and unpredicted – About a third are caused by accidental suffocation and strangulation. – The most common SUID is SIDS. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): a disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep – SIDS strikes about 1,250 infants in the United States each year. – No cause has been found. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. SUID and SIDS: Unanticipated Killers (2 of 2) SIDS prevention and risk factors – Back-to-sleep and other guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics have significantly decreased the number of SIDS deaths. – Some infants at higher risk include males, Black Americans, low-birthweight babies, low Apgar scorers, babies whose mothers smoked during pregnancy, babies with certain brain abnormalities, and babies who are abused. – SIDS can occur in children of every race and socioeconomic group, as well as in children with no apparent health problems. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-7: Trends in Sudden Unexpected Infant Death This graph shows the trends in Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) rates in the United States from 1990 through 2019. (Source: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Compressed Mortality File 2021.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Motor Development Reflexes: Our Inborn Physical Skills Motor Development in Infancy: Landmarks of Physical Achievement Nutrition in Infancy: Fueling Motor Development Breast or Bottle? Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Reflexes: Our Inborn Physical Skills (1 of 2) LO 4.5 Explain how the reflexes that infants are born with help them adapt to their surroundings and protect themselves. The Basic Reflexes Reflexes: unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli Reflexes represent behavior that has survival value. Some reflexes stay throughout life; others disappear over time. – Gradual disappearance is attributed to the increase in voluntary control or the forming of more complex behaviors. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 4-3: Some Basic Reflexes in Infants (1 of 2) Reflex Approximate Age of Disappearance Description Possible Function Rooting reflex 3 weeks Neonate’s tendency to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek. Food intake Stepping reflex 2 months Movement of legs when held upright with feet touching the floor. Prepares infants for independent locomotion Swimming reflex 4–6 months Infant’s tendency to paddle and kick in a sort of swimming motion when lying facedown in a body of water. Avoidance of danger Grasping reflex 5–6 months Infant’s fingers close around an object placed in its hands. Provides support Moro reflex 6 months Activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed. The arms of the infant are thrust outward and then appear to grasp onto something. Similar to primates’ protection from falling Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 4-3: Some Basic Reflexes in Infants (2 of 2) Reflex Approximate Age of Disappearance Description Possible Function Babinski reflex 8–12 months An infant fans out its toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot. Unknown Startle reflex Remains in different form An infant, in response to a sudden noise, flings out its arms, arches its back, and spreads its fingers. Protection Eye-blink reflex Remains Rapid shutting and opening of eye on exposure to direct light. Protection of eye from direct light Sucking reflex Remains Infant’s tendency to suck at things that touch its lips. Food intake Gag reflex Remains An infant’s reflex to clear its throat. Prevents choking Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Video: Reflexes Click on the screenshot to view this video. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Reflexes: Our Inborn Physical Skills (2 of 2) Racial and Cultural Differences and Similarities in Reflexes Moro reflex is found in all humans but appears with different vigor in different children. – White infants show a pronounced response. – Navajo babies react much more calmly. Reflexes can serve as helpful diagnostic tools for pediatricians because they appear and disappear on a regular timetable. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Motor Development in Infancy: Landmarks of Physical Achievement (1 of 4) LO 4.6 Summarize the landmarks of motor skill development in infancy. Gross Motor Skills By 6 months, infants can move by themselves. Crawling develops typically between 8 and 10 months. Most infants can walk by holding on to furniture by 9 months, and half can walk alone by 1 year. Most can sit unsupported by 6 months. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Video: Infancy Click on the screenshot to view this video. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-8: Milestones of Motor Development Fifty percent of children are able to perform each skill at the month indicated in the figure. However, the specific timing at which each skill develops varies widely. For example, one-quarter of children are able to walk well at 11.1 months; by 14.9 months, 90 percent of children are walking well. Is knowledge of such average benchmarks helpful or harmful to parents? (Source: Adapted from Frankenburg et al., 1992.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. From Research to Practice Differences in Infant Mobility: Does Practice Really Make Perfect? As babies roll, attempt to sit, or practice crawling, they build the muscular strength to control their body further, enhancing the development of motor skills. Gaining more control of voluntary movements and displacement facilitates the development of various cognitive, perceptual, and social skills. Caregiver methods for how much movement is allowed vary across cultures. Differences in motor development disappear by age 2. Researchers studied the traditional use of a gahvora in Tajikistan. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Motor Development in Infancy: Landmarks of Physical Achievement (2 of 4) Fine Motor Skills By 3 months, infants can coordinate movements of limbs. Infants can grasp an object and pick it up off the ground by 11 months. By age 2, infants can drink from a cup without spilling. Motor skill development follows a sequential pattern in which simple skills are combined with more sophisticated ones. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Motor Development in Infancy: Landmarks of Physical Achievement (3 of 4) Dynamic Systems Theory: How Motor Development Is Coordinated Dynamic systems theory: a theory of how motor skills develop and are coordinated – Motor skills do not develop in a vacuum. – Each skill advances in the context of other motor abilities. – As motor skills develop, so do nonmotor skills. The theory places emphasis on a child’s own motivation in advancing important aspects of motor development. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Motor Development in Infancy: Landmarks of Physical Achievement (4 of 4) Developmental Norms: Comparing One Infant to Another Norm: the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age – Norms permit comparisons between a child’s performance on a particular behavior and the average performance in the norm sample. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS): a measure designed to determine infants’ neurological and behavioral responses to their environment Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Developmental Diversity and Your Life The Cultural Dimensions of Motor Development Among the Ache people in South America, infants face an early life of physical restriction and tend to show delayed motor development. Among the Kipsigis people in rural Kenya, Africa, infants' lives are filled with activity and exercise, and they learn to sit up and walk earlier. Cultural factors affect timing of motor skill development, but there are also physical limitations. In the long run, timing may make little difference. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cultural Dimensions Cultural influences affect the rate of the development of motor skills. Source: Lucian Coman/Shutterstock Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nutrition in Infancy: Fueling Motor Development (1 of 4) LO 4.7 Summarize the role of nutrition in the physical development of infants. Without proper nutrition, infants cannot reach their physical potential and may suffer cognitive and social consequences. Infants differ in growth rates, body composition, metabolism, and activity levels. They should consume about 50 calories per day for each pound they weigh. Most infants regulate their caloric intake on their own. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nutrition in Infancy: Fueling Motor Development (2 of 4) Malnutrition Malnutrition: the condition of having improper amount and balance of nutrients – Children show a slower growth rate by 6 months. – They later have lower IQ scores and tend to do less well in school. Risks are greater in underdeveloped countries and in areas with high poverty rates. Undernutrition is when there is some deficiency in diet. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-9: Undernutrition by Country Undernutrition is widespread across the globe. What countries in Africa have higher and lower rates of underweight children? What about Asia? (Source: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: Key Findings of the 2020 Edition of the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-10: Children Living in Poverty Members of Black, American Indian, and Hispanic households are more likely to live in poverty than members of White and Asian families. (Source: Koball & Jiang, 2018.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nutrition in Infancy: Fueling Motor Development (3 of 4) Malnutrition (continued) Marasmus: a disease in which infants stop growing Kwashiorkor: a disease in which a child’s stomach, limbs, and face swell with water Nonorganic failure to thrive: a disorder in which infants stop growing not for biological reasons but due to a lack of stimulation and attention from their parents Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nutrition in Infancy: Fueling Motor Development (4 of 4) Obesity Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Clear links between overweight babies and overweight adults have not been found. Appropriate nutrition, rather than the baby’s weight, should be the focus of parents. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Breast or Bottle? (1 of 2) LO 4.8 Summarize the benefits of breastfeeding in infancy. For the first 12 months of life, there is no better food for an infant than breast milk. – Contains all essential nutrients – Offers some immunity to childhood diseases – Is more easily digested – May enhance cognitive growth – Contains complex carbohydrates called oligosaccharides – Offers emotional advantages for both mother and child and may have health advantages for mother Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Breast or Bottle? (2 of 2) Introducing Solid Foods: When and What? The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians recommend exclusive breastfeeding for about six months, followed by continued breastfeeding for one year or longer. Solid foods can begin to be introduced after six months, gradually and one at a time. Weaning: the cessation of breastfeeding – In the United States, it often occurs as early as three to four months; some mothers continue breastfeeding for two or three years. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Development of the Senses Visual Perception: Seeing the World Auditory Perception: The World of Sound Smell and Taste Sensitivity to Pain and Touch Multimodal Perception: Combining Individual Sensory Inputs Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Visual Perception: Seeing the World (1 of 2) LO 4.9 Describe the capabilities of infants in the realm of visual perception. Sensation: the physical stimulation of the sense organs Perception: the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and the brain Newborn infants cannot see beyond 20 feet, but by 6 months, the average infant’s vision is already 20/20. Other visual abilities grow rapidly, such as binocular vision and depth perception (“visual cliff” study). Infants show clear visual preferences. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-11: Visual Cliff The “visual cliff” experiment examines the depth perception of infants. Most infants in the age range of 6 to 14 months cannot be coaxed to cross the cliff, apparently responding to the fact that the patterned area drops several feet. Source: Mark Richard/PhotoEdit Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-12: Preferring Complexity In a classic experiment, researcher Robert Fantz found that 2- and 3-month-old infants preferred to look at more complex stimuli than simple ones. (Source: Adapted from Fantz, 1961.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Video: Preferential Looking Click on the screenshot to view this video. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Visual Perception: Seeing the World (2 of 2) Infants are genetically preprogrammed to prefer particular kinds of stimuli. Genetics is not the sole determinant of infant visual preferences. A few hours after birth, infants have already learned to prefer their own mother’s face to other faces. Between the ages of 6 and 9 months, infants become more adept at distinguishing between the faces of humans, while they become less able to distinguish faces of members of other species. They also distinguish between male and female faces. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 4-13: Distinguishing Faces Examples of faces used in a study found that 6-month-old infants distinguished human or monkey faces equally well, whereas 9-month-olds were less adept at distinguishing monkey faces as compared to human faces. (Source: Pascalis, de Haan, & Nelson, 2002, p. 1322.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Auditory Perception: The World of Sound LO 4.10 Describe the capabilities of infants in the realm of auditory sensation and perception. Infants hear before birth and have good auditory perception after they are born. They are more sensitive to certain frequencies. Sound localization permits infants to pinpoint the direction from which a sound is emanating. They react to changes in musical key and rhythm. They can discriminate many language-related sounds. They can differentiate their mother’s voice from other voices. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Discriminating Sound By the age of 4 months, infants are able to discriminate their own names from other, similar sounding, words. What are some ways infants are able to discriminate their name from other words? Source: Pavel Losevsky/Fotolia Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smell and Taste LO 4.11 Describe the smell and taste capacities of infants. Smell – The sense of smell is well developed at birth. – Some breastfed babies can distinguish their mother’s scent; they cannot distinguish their father on basis of odor. Taste – Infants seem to have an innate sweet tooth. – They show facial expressions of disgust at bitter tastes. – They develop preferences based on what the mother drank during pregnancy. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sensitivity to Pain and Touch (1 of 2) LO 4.12 Describe the nature of pain and touch in infants. Contemporary Views on Infant Pain It is widely acknowledged that infants are born with the capacity to experience pain. There appears to be a developmental progression in reactions to pain. Exposure to pain in infancy may lead to a permanent rewiring of the nervous system, resulting in greater sensitivity to pain during adulthood. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sensitivity to Pain and Touch (2 of 2) Responding to Touch Touch is one of most highly developed sensory systems in a newborn and one of the first to develop. Several of the basic reflexes present at birth, such as the rooting reflex, require touch sensitivity to operate. Infants gain information about the world through touch. Gentle massage stimulates the production of certain chemicals in an infant’s brain that instigate growth. Touch is associated with social development. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Multimodal Perception: Combining Individual Sensory Inputs LO 4.13 Summarize the multimodal approach to perception. The multimodal approach to perception considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated. Affordances are the options that a given situation or stimulus provides. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development in Your Life Exercising Your Infant’s Body and Senses Carry a baby in different positions. Let infants explore their environment. Engage in “rough-and-tumble” play that is not violent. Let babies touch their food and even play with it. Provide toys that stimulate the senses. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.