Infant Nutrition and Feeding Practices Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for ensuring optimal nutrition during the first year of life?

To alleviate teething discomfort

To prevent childhood obesity

To enhance maternal health

To meet the emotional needs of infants (correct)

What nutrient requirement is specified for infants during the first year?

50 cal/kg/day

75 cal/kg/day

150 cal/kg/day

100 + 20 cal/kg/day (correct)

Which method is NOT a common type of infant feeding?

Home-prepared food

Commercially prepared formula

Breastfeeding

Solid food introduction (correct)

What is one of the five common mistakes associated with bottle feeding?

Incorrectly measuring the formula Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended as the best time to start weaning an infant?

At 4-6 months Signup and view all the answers

Which type of formula feeding is most commonly discussed?

Cow’s milk-based formula Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication that can arise from breastfeeding?

Insufficient calorie intake Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary principles of weaning?

Gradually increase the variety of foods Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for mothers to do immediately after giving birth?

Initiate breast-feeding within half-hour of birth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices should be followed when feeding a newborn?

Encourage breast-feeding on demand Signup and view all the answers

What feeding method is used if a baby is given breast milk first and then formula to complete the feed?

Complementary feeding Signup and view all the answers

What can result from improperly prepared formula during bottle feeding?

Starvation due to diluted formula Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of bottle feeding related to hygiene?

Infection due to growth of pathogens in unrefrigerated milk Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may occur if a bottle-fed infant lies flat while sucking?

Aspiration Signup and view all the answers

What emotional issue can arise from exclusive bottle feeding?

Emotional defect due to loss of maternal attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for fostering establishment of breastfeeding support groups?

To provide emotional and practical support to mothers Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the volume of milk in cc/feed based on the infant's weight in kg and total number of feeds?

Volume in cc/feed = 150cc x baby weight (in kg) / Total number of feeds Signup and view all the answers

If an infant weighs 4 kg, how many calories are required in 24 hours?

400 calories Signup and view all the answers

To convert calories to ounces for feeding an infant, how many calories does one ounce contain?

20 calories Signup and view all the answers

If an infant needs 400 calories per day, how many ounces of formula are required?

20 ounces Signup and view all the answers

For an infant aged birth to 1 week, what is the average number of feedings in 24 hours?

8-10 feedings Signup and view all the answers

When reconstituting dried milk powder with water, what is the correct dilution ratio?

1:8 Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct procedure for preparing a formula bottle for an infant?

Obtain the formula bottle from the refrigerator and warm it up. Signup and view all the answers

What should be checked before feeding a newborn or infant with a formula bottle?

The patency of the nipple. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily caloric intake for toddlers aged 1-3 years?

1200 calories Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key requirement for feeding preschool children aged 3-6 years?

Food served in shapes and sizes for enjoyment Signup and view all the answers

At what age should children be taught to use a spoon?

12-14 months Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when feeding young children?

Including spices for flavor Signup and view all the answers

What is the daily caloric requirement for school-aged children from 6-12 years?

2000-2500 calories Signup and view all the answers

Why should opened containers of baby food be stored in the refrigerator for no longer than 2 days?

To avoid spoilage Signup and view all the answers

What type of foods should be avoided in a child's diet due to choking hazards?

Fruits with seeds Signup and view all the answers

When should an infant ideally be trained to drink from a cup?

8-12 months Signup and view all the answers

What must be assessed to choose the appropriate feeding method for a preterm infant?

Preterm's health condition Signup and view all the answers

When is the ideal time to start weaning an infant?

After the infant has reached 6 months of age Signup and view all the answers

Which method of feeding should be used for a preterm infant weighing less than 1500g with poor sucking reflex?

Gavage feeding Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the common mistakes made in bottle feeding?

Using any available bottle without consideration Signup and view all the answers

In which situation should gastrostomy feeding be used for a preterm infant?

When there is tracheo-esophageal fistula Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of early feeding of preterm infants within 2 hours after delivery?

Reduces the chance for complications like hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Under which condition is transpyloric feeding preferred for preterm infants?

In cases of gastro-esophageal reflux disease Signup and view all the answers

Why might breast-feeding become inadequate for an infant's nutritional needs after 6 months?

Infant's growth demands exceed breast milk content Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice before starting weaning?

Ensure the child is free from any G.I.T. troubles Signup and view all the answers

At what age is it advisable to introduce egg yolk to an infant?

By 6–8 months Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT recommended when introducing new foods to infants?

Forcing the infant to try new foods Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a suitable choice of food for infants aged 8-12 months?

Ground meats and soft cooked vegetables Signup and view all the answers

Why should mixed food containing 2 or 3 different items be introduced during weaning?

To provide a more balanced diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested method for gradually replacing breastfeedings during the weaning process?

Stop the feeding your baby wants the least Signup and view all the answers

At what age is it appropriate to avoid fried foods in an infant's diet?

Until the 2nd year Signup and view all the answers

How should food be presented to infants during weaning?

On a spoon or cup without forcing Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - General Objectives

Students will be able to explain methods of feeding newborns and infants, as well as the principles of weaning.

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Specific Objectives (Breastfeeding)

Identify nutritional requirements during infancy
Enumerate food stuffs
Identify types of infant feeding
Define types of human breast milk
Define proper storage of breast milk
List WHO and UNICEF breastfeeding recommendations
State the advantages of breastfeeding
State psychological impact of breastfeeding
Enumerate teaching of mothers about breastfeeding
Illustrate best position for breastfeeding
List criteria for adequate breastfeeding
List criteria for underfeeding
Explain difficulties of breastfeeding
State the ten steps for successful breastfeeding

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Specific Objectives (Bottle Feeding)

Identify types of formula feeding
State the disadvantages of bottle feeding
Identify types of formula
Enumerate preparation of formula
Explain feeding techniques for newborns and infants
Define five common mistakes of bottle feeding

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Specific Objectives (Weaning)

Define weaning technique
State the best time for weaning
Identify reasons for starting weaning at 4-6 months
Enumerate the principles of weaning
Explain the schedule of weaning according to infant age per month
Identify care during weaning
Explain needs for caloric requirements according to developmental age

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Introduction

Proper time for decisions of infant feeding choices should be explored during antepartum period by nurse.
Two primary choices: human milk and commercially prepared cow's milk formula.
Optimal nutrition during first year is very important for growth.
Cellular growth of essential organs occurs during this period.
Feeding provides time for meeting emotional needs of infants

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Nutritional Requirements During Infancy

Calories: 100±20 cal/kg/day
One calorie is supplied by 1.5 cc of milk (human-cow's)
Second year needs are 70 cal/kg/day
Fluid: 150ml/kg/day
Protein: 2gm/kg/day
Vit A: 4000 IU/day
Vit C: 40 mg/day
Vit D: 400-800 IU/day
Niacin: 4mg/day
Iron: 6 mg/day
Vit B1: 0.4 mg
Calcium: 0.5 gm/day
Vit E: 4 IU/day

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Types of Infants' Feeding

Oral: Breast and bottle feeding
Gastric: Gavage feeding and gastrostomy feeding
Parenteral: IV fluids, Total parenteral nutrition
colostrum: Produced during late pregnancy to 4 days after delivery; rich in antibodies.
Transitional Milk: Produced from day 4-10, lower protein than colostrum.
Mature Milk: Produced from approx. 10 days after delivery until end of breastfeeding.

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Types of Nipple

Normal or protruded
Bifid or divided into two parts
Flat at the level of the skin
Depressed below the level of the skin

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Exclusive Breastfeeding

Breast milk only for first 6 months of life, but allows ORS, drops, and syrups
Initiation within first hour of life
Breastfeeding on demand - day and night for 6 months
No use of bottles, teats, or pacifiers

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Advantages of Breastfeeding (for Mother)

Economic - no preparation needs
Emotional satisfaction
Helps uterus involution (prevents postpartum hemorrhage)
Birth spacing
Regains normal weight faster
Lower incidence of breast and ovarian cancer

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Advantages of Breastfeeding (for Infant)

Warm, ready, sterile, available all times
Perfectly balanced nutrition
Easily digested than cow's milk
Greater immunity to childhood diseases
Less likely to have gastrointestinal disorders, anemia, and vitamin deficiencies
Less likely to acquire infections
Secure through constant contact with the mother
Positive impact on mother-child interaction
Development of trust
Mother can interact while providing breastfeeding

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Criteria for Adequate Breastfeeding

Baby feeds at least 8 times/24 hrs
Baby calm and satisfied after feeding
Baby sleeps 2-4 hrs after feeding
Normal bowel movements (no constipation)
Baby urinates 6 or more times/day
Weight gain 20-30 grams/day

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Criteria for Underfeeding

Slow and irregular weight gain
Decreased urination amount and frequency
Baby unsatisfied and cries after feeding
Sleeplessness or very short sleeping
Constipation or hunger stool
Swallowing air leading to colic and vomiting

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Criteria for Overfeeding

Vomiting (especially after feeding)
Colic and/or flatulence
Crying
Overweight infants
Diarrhea with large, bulky stools
Polyuria
Sore buttocks
Excessive sweating

Prematurity
Mother expressing breast milk
Mother concerns about nipple shape/size
Misbeliefs about colostrum and her own milk (deficient or diluted)
Mother/baby separation
Overburdened mothers
Psychological factors such as anxiety

Nipple trauma (tenderness, soreness)
Inverted nipples
Breast engorgement
Obstructed lactiferous duct
Mastitis
Breast abscess

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Weaning

Gradual introduction of solid foods based on baby's capacity.
Weaning time: after infant turns 6 months old.
Reasons for starting weaning: Breastfeeding may become inadequate.
Enzymes required for digesting solid foods develop at this time.
Infant develops biting skills around 6 months of age.
Infant can learn independence with feeding utensils.
Infant adjusts to chewing and swallowing solid food.

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Care During Weaning

Teach mothers to wash hands.
Cover cooked food to protect it from flies and dust.
Make food soft and digestible for young children.

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Things to Avoid (During Weaning)

Foods that can cause choking: Nuts, fruits with seeds.
Foods that produce allergies: Milk, fish, tomatoes, etc.
Artificial colours and flavors
Salted, junk food (especially sweets, candies)
Highly spiced and fatty foods
Honey (contaminated with botulism spores)
Cow's milk for infants under 1 year (hard to digest)

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Schedule of Weaning

By 6-8 months: Eggs (yolk first, then white), iron-rich pureed meats, fruits, vegetables, soft cooked vegetables, etc
By 8-12 months: Offer finger foods (beans, meat, fish, soft cooked vegetables, washed and peeled fruit)
Mixed foods (rice, vegetable, and vegetable/ground chicken) -Desserts should be added after 18 months
Avoid fried foods before 2nd year

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Bottle Feeding - Introduction

Breastfeeding is the best method for newborns and infants, even premature infants.
There's no real substitute for breast milk.
Formula feeding is indicated when breastfeeding isn't possible

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Types of Formula Feeding

Complementary feeding: Breast milk first, then formula to complete the feeding.
Supplementary feeding: Formula substitutes one or more breast milk feeds.
Substitutive feeding: No breast milk, only formula.

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Disadvantages of Bottle Feeding (Preparation)

Starvation: Diluted formula due to mothers not adding enough formula powder to water, or expensive powder.
Infection: Pathogenic microorganisms grow quickly in milk, especially if not refrigerated.
Difficult digestion; casein in cow's milk forms hard curds in infants if not modified.
Emotional deficits are caused by loss of maternal-child bond.
Aspiration (especially if the infant is lying flat while being fed)
Otitis Media caused by milk pooling in the mouth
Dental carries caused by milk pooling in the mouth

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Types of Formula

Liquid milks (fresh milk, raw fresh cow, buffalo, goat milk, pasteurized milk)
Dried milks: Prepared by evaporating water from fluid milk (easy to store, sterile, highly soluble)
Modified cow's milk formulas: Adjustments to lactose, fat, and proteins in cow's milk.
Modified special formulas: Made to fit metabolic errors or diseases.

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Preparation of Formula (Fluid Requirements)

Estimate fluid needed per day: 150 ml/kg of body weight.
Divide total fluid by number of feedings per day to calculate volume per feeding.

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Preparation of Formula (Calorie Requirements)

Estimate calorie needs per day: 100-120 calories/kg of body weight.
Calculate number of ounces needed per day (remember that one ounce contains 20 calories)
Convert ounces to volume (milliliters).
Divide total volume by number of feedings to calculate the volume per feeding

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Feeding of Pre-term Infants

Assess preterm infant's health condition (weight, gestational age, sucking/swallowing reflexes, GI tract)
Choose feeding method based on patient's condition:
Oral feeding (breast or bottle) for infants with patent GI tract and developed coordination of sucking/swallowing and weighing more than 1800gm, and gestational age of 34 weeks or more.
Gastric/nasogastric/gavage feeding (infants with patent GI tract less than 34 weeks, and less than 1500gm.
Gastrostomy feeding for infants with tracheo-esophageal fistula
Transpyloric feeding for infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Feeding of Pre-school children (1-3 years)

Toddler age needs 1200 calories/day
Introduce chopped foods and remove strained foods from the diet.
Consistancy of foods remains the same; only difference is the size of serving based on activity, growth, and developed feeding habits.

Feeding of Newborn and Infants - Feeding of School children (6-12 years)

Daily calorie needs are 2000-2500 calories for school-age children.
Serve attractively, allow children to choose foods, and do not withhold food as punishment.
Don't insist that children eat everything before allowing them to have more food.
Avoid adding spices to children's meals.
Use proper vessels, (cups or spoons) to help older children feed themselves.

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Description

Test your knowledge on optimal nutrition during the first year of life with this quiz. Explore essential nutrients, common feeding methods, and best practices for weaning infants. Learn about potential complications and mistakes to avoid while bottle feeding.