Infant Emotions and Development Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of emotions in infants as proposed by John Bowlby?

  • To express physical comfort or discomfort
  • To communicate the individual's current motivational state (correct)
  • To signal when to sleep or eat
  • To facilitate social interactions among peers

At what age does anger typically begin to develop in infants?

  • 2-3 months
  • 9-12 months
  • 4-6 months (correct)
  • 7-8 months

Which of the following emotions is associated with the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?

  • Surprise
  • Sadness (correct)
  • Anger
  • Joy

What is the primary impact of facial expressions of emotions in infants?

<p>They reflect brain development and experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary emotion in infants?

<p>Guilt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do infants typically respond when frustrated according to their temperament?

<p>They withdraw and show sadness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental stage corresponds with the onset of anger in infants, according to Piaget?

<p>Secondary circular reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotion is considered to be associated with the Behavioral Activation System (BAS)?

<p>Joy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the film 'Grief: A Peril in Infancy'?

<p>Exploring the effects of prolonged absence of a mother on infants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Spitz and Wolf's observations, how do infants respond to a mother's return after being absent for less than three months?

<p>They quickly recover and show warmth towards the mother (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to infants when their mothers are absent for an extended period beyond three months?

<p>They become passive, apathetic, and may suffer personality damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory did Sigmund Freud propose regarding an infant's attachment to their mother?

<p>It is primarily associated with the infant's feeding needs and oral pleasure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical observation did ethologists like Konrad Lorenz make about baby geese and their mothers?

<p>They follow their mothers regardless of feeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the emotional climate created by the mother play in an infant's development, according to the film?

<p>It allows the child's mind to develop normally (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication does Spitz and Wolf's research have regarding the understanding of infant needs?

<p>Emotional bonding transcends the basic need for nutrition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the views on infant attachment shift after Spitz and Wolf’s research compared to Freud’s earlier beliefs?

<p>There was a stronger emphasis on emotional connections over physical needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is highlighted as influencing children's social development according to the Longitudinal Israeli Study of Twins?

<p>Genetics, abilities, and socialization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a predictor of child structural brain development based on parental sensitivity?

<p>Normal variation in early parental sensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of children's emotional development is emphasized during infancy?

<p>Development of anger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the authors of the study that discusses the co-development of self and sociomoral emotions during toddler years?

<p>Mascolo, M.E., and Fischer, K.W. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect does the cognitive theory of early gender development address?

<p>Cognitive and social understanding of gender roles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vocalizations are examined in the context of social interaction in infants?

<p>Social and endogenous vocalizations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research by Kopp and Neufeld focus on regarding emotional development during infancy?

<p>Aspects of emotional regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the assessment of children's social capabilities?

<p>It involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does agency primarily encompass?

<p>A feeling of control over actions and their consequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically begin to recognize themselves in mirrors and pictures?

<p>18 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Erikson stage is associated with toddlers showing agency?

<p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of temperament is connected to agency in toddlers?

<p>Individual differences in reward responsiveness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is NOT typically observed in children under 12 months?

<p>Using aggression to compete for resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what developmental stage do most toddlers begin expressing a desire for independence in their actions?

<p>By the second year (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emerges from experiences with agency, according to the content?

<p>A sense of self and self-concepts related to status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between agency and individual differences in toddlers?

<p>Some toddlers show more agency due to temperamental differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do caregivers play when they welcome children back after exploration?

<p>They serve as a safe haven. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby, which characteristics should caregivers embody?

<p>Bigger, stronger, wiser, and kind. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Circle of Security Program motto?

<p>It highlights the balance between following children's needs and knowing when to take charge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Self-Determination Theory suggest regarding children’s needs?

<p>Children require support in competency, autonomy, and relatedness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of Mary Ainsworth's 'The Strange Situation' protocol?

<p>To observe attachment styles in toddlers and young children. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should parents manage a child’s need for autonomy?

<p>By encouraging exploration without excessive direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is associated with children who have caregivers as a safe haven?

<p>They learn to regulate negative emotions such as fear and sadness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do parents who model self-regulation behave?

<p>They remain calm and take charge without becoming aggressive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically begin to speak their first words?

<p>12 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'infant-directed speech'?

<p>A style of speaking that involves a high-pitched tone and exaggerated sounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of infant-directed speech in language acquisition?

<p>It allows infants to hear the sounds of words clearly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typical behavior indicates that infants are beginning to acquire language around 4 to 6 months?

<p>Laughing and making one-syllable sounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sex differences in language acquisition is true?

<p>Girls on average acquire language earlier than boys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of a 'sensitive period' refer to in early language development?

<p>A period when individuals are more responsive to language stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical change in the brain supports language development during the infant-toddler period?

<p>Rapid growth in size and formation of connections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What finding was observed regarding infants' attention to speech?

<p>Infants are more attuned to speech directed towards them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What triggers anger in infants?

The infant’s intentional action is blocked, usually by another person, leading to frustration and anger.

Why are emotions important for infants?

Infants' emotions are an essential communication tool, revealing their needs and motivations.

How do infants learn about emotions?

Infants learn to express emotions by observing how others respond to their needs.

What is the BIS?

The Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) is activated when facing threats, leading to withdrawal.

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What is the BAS?

The Behavioral Activation System (BAS) is triggered by rewards, leading to approach and seeking.

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What are primary emotions?

Primary emotions are innate and universally recognized through facial expressions.

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Which emotions are linked to the BIS?

Emotions like fear, sadness, disgust, and pain are associated with the BIS and threaten the infant’s sense of safety.

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Which emotions are linked to the BAS?

Emotions like interest, surprise, joy, and anger are associated with the BAS and motivate the infant to seek rewards.

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Grief: A Peril in Infancy

A research film showcasing the negative impact of prolonged maternal absence on infants' emotional development.

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Freud's Theory on Infant Love

The theory that babies love their mothers primarily because they provide food and oral pleasure during feeding.

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Imprinting in Baby Geese

The tendency of baby geese to follow their mother after hatching, even though she doesn't feed them.

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Beyond Food: Understanding Emotional Bonds

The realization that something beyond basic needs like food drives emotional connection between infants and their mothers.

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Emotional Distress in Infants

A state of emotional distress and detachment experienced by infants separated from their mothers for extended periods.

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Recovery from Separation

Infants under a year old who are reunited with their mothers within three months of separation tend to recover quickly.

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Long-Term Separation Effects

Prolonged maternal absence beyond three months makes it challenging for infants to reconnect and can lead to emotional damage.

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Mother's Role in Child Development

The mother's emotional care is crucial for a child's healthy mental and emotional development.

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What is a 'safe haven'?

A caregiver who provides safety and comfort, allowing the child to explore independently.

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What is a 'secure base'?

A caregiver who encourages exploration and provides the emotional base for a child to feel secure and independent.

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What is the Circle of Security motto?

The motto of the Circle of Security program emphasizes the importance of being both protective and attuned to a child's needs, similar to the concepts of a 'secure base' and 'safe haven'.

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What is the 'Strange Situation' protocol?

Mary Ainsworth developed a protocol to study how infants and toddlers react to separation and reunion with their caregivers, revealing different attachment styles.

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How do individual differences affect attachment?

Temperament and experiences influence how infants and toddlers behave during exploration and seek comfort from their caregivers.

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What are attachment styles?

Ainsworth's research led to the identification of different attachment styles, which describe the quality of the emotional bond between a child and their caregiver.

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Is attachment instinctive?

Bowlby believed that attachment behaviors are innate and essential for survival. This suggests that parents instinctively provide care and protection.

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Why is attachment theory important?

Understanding attachment theory helps caregivers create a secure and loving environment, promoting positive emotional development in children.

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Infant Speech Comprehension

Infants' ability to understand language before they can speak it.

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Infant-Directed Speech

A special way of talking to babies that involves exaggerated sounds, high pitch, and facial expressions.

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Sensitive Period

A time during development when individuals are most receptive to learning specific skills.

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Programmed Cell Death

Brain cells that form connections survive while those that don't die off.

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Infant Tone Sensitivity

Infants pay more attention to how someone is speaking than to the actual words.

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First Word Development

The first words are generally understood around 8-9 months and spoken around 12 months.

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Toddler Language Skills

Toddlers can produce short sentences and questions by the age of 2.

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Sex Differences in Language

Girls generally develop language skills slightly earlier than boys.

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What is agency?

The feeling of control over one's actions and their consequences.

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What is self-concept?

A concept about the characteristics and qualities that define a person, developed throughout life.

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What is autonomy?

The desire to do things independently and make choices without relying on others.

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Erikson's stage of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

The stage in early childhood where kids develop a sense of self and independence, but can also experience shame or doubt if they feel too restricted.

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What is dominance behavior in toddlers?

The tendency for children to compete for resources, often using aggression to get what they want.

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What is reward responsiveness?

Individual differences in how easily someone is motivated by rewards.

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When do infants develop a sense of self?

The idea that infants have an innate sense of their own physical being and can recognize themselves in mirrors and pictures.

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How do infants express a sense of self?

Infants use words like 'I,' 'me,' and 'mine' to express their developing awareness of self.

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Emotional Development

The study of how children develop their emotional understanding and expression, also known as socio-emotional development.

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Nature and Nurture in Emotional Development

A model that proposes two key factors for emotional development: 1) The Biological preparedness for emotional responses, such as the BIS (Behavioral Inhibition System) and the BAS (Behavioral Activation System) and 2) The influence of individual learning and experiences on developing emotional understanding.

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The Strange Situation

A research method designed to understand the attachment between infants and their caregivers, involving a series of separations and reunions to observe their reactions.

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Attachment Theory

This theory highlights innate attachment behaviors in infants, proposing they are essential for survival and promote the development of a strong emotional bond with a primary caregiver.

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Safe Haven

A caregiver who provides a safe and comforting space for the child, allowing them to explore independently without fear of being separated.

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Secure Base

A caregiver who encourages exploration and provides a secure base, allowing the child to venture out and return for comfort, fostering independence and confidence.

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Attachment Styles

The emotional bond that forms between a child and their caregiver, significantly impacting their overall development.

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Genetics and Social Development

The study of how genetic inheritance and environmental influences contribute to the development of social skills and emotional regulation.

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Study Notes

Chapter 5: Infant/Toddler Psychosocial Development

  • Learning Objectives: Explain emotional development in infants and toddlers, describe temperament and biological markers of temperament, describe infant social behavior, explain the significance of the still-face paradigm, explain intergenerational transmission of caring, explain the dominance system, describe self-development, explain self-regulation and its development, describe early language development, and discuss assessment of infants and toddlers.

Emotional Development in Infants and Toddlers

  • Emotional Responses: Infants exhibit attraction to pleasant situations and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli. Attraction activates the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) while withdrawal activates the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS). These brain circuits controlling approach and withdrawal are not fully formed at birth, leading to limited emotional responses.
  • Primary Emotions and Age: Infants' primary emotions (e.g., interest, curiosity, surprise, joy, pain, sadness, disgust, anger, fear) emerge at different ages reflected in facial expressions. Table 5-1 outlines the progression.

Temperament

  • Differentials: Differences in temperament between children are visible from birth. Three approaches measure these individual differences in infancy.

The Mother-Infant System

  • Communication: Caregivers experience their infants differently, and this dynamic influences the mother-infant interaction, impacting the communication pattern. Goodness of fit is key, where matching styles allow smooth interaction.
  • Infant Styles: Easy (40%), slow-to-warm-up (15%), and difficult (10%) are defined based on infant behaviors impacting caregiving and system functionality. Difficult infants need additional support.
  • Influence: Parents are affected by their children as much as the other way round. Temperament differences also impact parent-child relationship dynamics and parental satisfaction.

The Biopsychology of Temperament

  • Biological Markers: Temperament has biological markers, including frontal EEG asymmetry (right frontal cortex activity relates to the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), while left frontal cortex activity relates to the Behavioral Approach System (BAS)), and skin conductance (sympathetic nervous system activation in response to fear or stress).
  • Heart Rate: Another biological marker is heart rate variability (RSA), which relates to parasympathetic activity.

Infant Social Behavior

  • Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson): Infants develop trust when caregivers respond to their needs. Conversely, mistrust develops when care is inconsistent leading to future issues in social interaction.
  • Attachment: Infants develop attachment bonds by 9 months, showing a preference for their caregivers.

Child's Play and Direct Evidence for Internal Working Models of Caregiving

  • Imitative Behaviors: Infants imitate the behaviors of others, forming internal working models about giving and receiving care. These models influence play and interaction, and these preverbal memories can be used to learn about giving care.

Empathy in Infants and Toddlers

  • Development: Empathy emerges over 8-16 months, reflected in an attempt to assist or help distressed individuals.
  • Cognitive Aspects: Empathy relates to perspective taking and emotional contagion, with empathy for familiar figures preceding empathy in unfamiliar individuals.

The Dominance System

  • Agency: Infants' understanding of agency—a feeling of control over their actions and consequences—develops by 6 months. Infants' sense of self and self-concepts develop around this age and involve understanding the agency of others and self-interest.

The Sexual System

  • Biological Development: Children's understanding of gender develops from birth onward with the recognition of male and female categories typically around 6 to 12 months. Schemas around gender influence other social interactions.

Infant and Toddler Cognition, Serve and Return, Self-Regulation, and Early Language

  • Cognition: Development focuses on sensory-motor experiences and the development of visual systems and attention in the first 3 months. Memory and imitation evolve during this period. Object permanence occurs around 9 months.
  • Serve and Return: Effective caregiver responses to infant cues are critical for brain development, communication, and social skills. The relationship between responsiveness and child development is important from birth onward.
  • Self-Regulation: Infants’ ability to self-soothe or regulate emotions is absent or limited in infancy but starts developing by 3 months. External help is sought by a child to improve self-regulation.
  • Language Development: From birth to 2 years, infants progress from reflexive behavior to intentional actions in their attempt to communicate, exhibiting imitation, comprehension, and language production stages. Table 5-4 illustrates language milestones.
  • Infant-directed speech: Infants respond more to this type of speech which is used in all cultures. Infant directed speech is tuned to child's interests, in addition to clarity and enthusiasm.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) in Toddlers

  • Characteristics: ASDs manifest around a child's first birthday, and include difficulties in social communication, play behavior, language, sensory differences, and motor development, as well as attention and eating.

Early Language Milestone Scale (ELM)

  • Assessment: This assessment measures developmental milestones around speech and language from birth to 3 years.

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

  • Assessment: This assessment examines the behavior and neurological status of infants up to 2 months.

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