Infant Emotions and Development Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of emotions in infants as proposed by John Bowlby?

To express physical comfort or discomfort

To communicate the individual's current motivational state (correct)

To signal when to sleep or eat

To facilitate social interactions among peers

At what age does anger typically begin to develop in infants?

2-3 months

9-12 months

4-6 months (correct)

7-8 months

Which of the following emotions is associated with the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?

Surprise

Sadness (correct)

Anger

Joy

What is the primary impact of facial expressions of emotions in infants?

They reflect brain development and experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary emotion in infants?

Guilt Signup and view all the answers

How do infants typically respond when frustrated according to their temperament?

They withdraw and show sadness Signup and view all the answers

What developmental stage corresponds with the onset of anger in infants, according to Piaget?

Secondary circular reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which emotion is considered to be associated with the Behavioral Activation System (BAS)?

Joy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the film 'Grief: A Peril in Infancy'?

Exploring the effects of prolonged absence of a mother on infants Signup and view all the answers

According to Spitz and Wolf's observations, how do infants respond to a mother's return after being absent for less than three months?

They quickly recover and show warmth towards the mother Signup and view all the answers

What happens to infants when their mothers are absent for an extended period beyond three months?

They become passive, apathetic, and may suffer personality damage Signup and view all the answers

Which theory did Sigmund Freud propose regarding an infant's attachment to their mother?

It is primarily associated with the infant's feeding needs and oral pleasure Signup and view all the answers

What critical observation did ethologists like Konrad Lorenz make about baby geese and their mothers?

They follow their mothers regardless of feeding Signup and view all the answers

What role does the emotional climate created by the mother play in an infant's development, according to the film?

It allows the child's mind to develop normally Signup and view all the answers

What implication does Spitz and Wolf's research have regarding the understanding of infant needs?

Emotional bonding transcends the basic need for nutrition Signup and view all the answers

How did the views on infant attachment shift after Spitz and Wolf’s research compared to Freud’s earlier beliefs?

There was a stronger emphasis on emotional connections over physical needs Signup and view all the answers

What factor is highlighted as influencing children's social development according to the Longitudinal Israeli Study of Twins?

Genetics, abilities, and socialization Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a predictor of child structural brain development based on parental sensitivity?

Normal variation in early parental sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of children's emotional development is emphasized during infancy?

Development of anger Signup and view all the answers

Who are the authors of the study that discusses the co-development of self and sociomoral emotions during toddler years?

Mascolo, M.E., and Fischer, K.W. Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect does the cognitive theory of early gender development address?

Cognitive and social understanding of gender roles Signup and view all the answers

What type of vocalizations are examined in the context of social interaction in infants?

Social and endogenous vocalizations Signup and view all the answers

What does the research by Kopp and Neufeld focus on regarding emotional development during infancy?

Aspects of emotional regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the assessment of children's social capabilities?

It involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

What does agency primarily encompass?

A feeling of control over actions and their consequences Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically begin to recognize themselves in mirrors and pictures?

18 months Signup and view all the answers

Which Erikson stage is associated with toddlers showing agency?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of temperament is connected to agency in toddlers?

Individual differences in reward responsiveness Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is NOT typically observed in children under 12 months?

Using aggression to compete for resources Signup and view all the answers

By what developmental stage do most toddlers begin expressing a desire for independence in their actions?

By the second year Signup and view all the answers

What emerges from experiences with agency, according to the content?

A sense of self and self-concepts related to status Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between agency and individual differences in toddlers?

Some toddlers show more agency due to temperamental differences Signup and view all the answers

What role do caregivers play when they welcome children back after exploration?

They serve as a safe haven. Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby, which characteristics should caregivers embody?

Bigger, stronger, wiser, and kind. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Circle of Security Program motto?

It highlights the balance between following children's needs and knowing when to take charge. Signup and view all the answers

What does Self-Determination Theory suggest regarding children’s needs?

Children require support in competency, autonomy, and relatedness. Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of Mary Ainsworth's 'The Strange Situation' protocol?

To observe attachment styles in toddlers and young children. Signup and view all the answers

How should parents manage a child’s need for autonomy?

By encouraging exploration without excessive direction. Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is associated with children who have caregivers as a safe haven?

They learn to regulate negative emotions such as fear and sadness. Signup and view all the answers

How do parents who model self-regulation behave?

They remain calm and take charge without becoming aggressive. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically begin to speak their first words?

12 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'infant-directed speech'?

A style of speaking that involves a high-pitched tone and exaggerated sounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of infant-directed speech in language acquisition?

It allows infants to hear the sounds of words clearly Signup and view all the answers

What typical behavior indicates that infants are beginning to acquire language around 4 to 6 months?

Laughing and making one-syllable sounds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sex differences in language acquisition is true?

Girls on average acquire language earlier than boys Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of a 'sensitive period' refer to in early language development?

A period when individuals are more responsive to language stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which physical change in the brain supports language development during the infant-toddler period?

Rapid growth in size and formation of connections Signup and view all the answers

What finding was observed regarding infants' attention to speech?

Infants are more attuned to speech directed towards them Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 5: Infant/Toddler Psychosocial Development

Learning Objectives: Explain emotional development in infants and toddlers, describe temperament and biological markers of temperament, describe infant social behavior, explain the significance of the still-face paradigm, explain intergenerational transmission of caring, explain the dominance system, describe self-development, explain self-regulation and its development, describe early language development, and discuss assessment of infants and toddlers.

Emotional Development in Infants and Toddlers

Emotional Responses: Infants exhibit attraction to pleasant situations and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli. Attraction activates the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) while withdrawal activates the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS). These brain circuits controlling approach and withdrawal are not fully formed at birth, leading to limited emotional responses.
Primary Emotions and Age: Infants' primary emotions (e.g., interest, curiosity, surprise, joy, pain, sadness, disgust, anger, fear) emerge at different ages reflected in facial expressions. Table 5-1 outlines the progression.

Temperament

Differentials: Differences in temperament between children are visible from birth. Three approaches measure these individual differences in infancy.

The Mother-Infant System

Communication: Caregivers experience their infants differently, and this dynamic influences the mother-infant interaction, impacting the communication pattern. Goodness of fit is key, where matching styles allow smooth interaction.
Infant Styles: Easy (40%), slow-to-warm-up (15%), and difficult (10%) are defined based on infant behaviors impacting caregiving and system functionality. Difficult infants need additional support.
Influence: Parents are affected by their children as much as the other way round. Temperament differences also impact parent-child relationship dynamics and parental satisfaction.

The Biopsychology of Temperament

Biological Markers: Temperament has biological markers, including frontal EEG asymmetry (right frontal cortex activity relates to the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), while left frontal cortex activity relates to the Behavioral Approach System (BAS)), and skin conductance (sympathetic nervous system activation in response to fear or stress).
Heart Rate: Another biological marker is heart rate variability (RSA), which relates to parasympathetic activity.

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson): Infants develop trust when caregivers respond to their needs. Conversely, mistrust develops when care is inconsistent leading to future issues in social interaction.
Attachment: Infants develop attachment bonds by 9 months, showing a preference for their caregivers.

Child's Play and Direct Evidence for Internal Working Models of Caregiving

Imitative Behaviors: Infants imitate the behaviors of others, forming internal working models about giving and receiving care. These models influence play and interaction, and these preverbal memories can be used to learn about giving care.

Empathy in Infants and Toddlers

Development: Empathy emerges over 8-16 months, reflected in an attempt to assist or help distressed individuals.
Cognitive Aspects: Empathy relates to perspective taking and emotional contagion, with empathy for familiar figures preceding empathy in unfamiliar individuals.

The Dominance System

Agency: Infants' understanding of agency—a feeling of control over their actions and consequences—develops by 6 months. Infants' sense of self and self-concepts develop around this age and involve understanding the agency of others and self-interest.

The Sexual System

Biological Development: Children's understanding of gender develops from birth onward with the recognition of male and female categories typically around 6 to 12 months. Schemas around gender influence other social interactions.

Infant and Toddler Cognition, Serve and Return, Self-Regulation, and Early Language

Cognition: Development focuses on sensory-motor experiences and the development of visual systems and attention in the first 3 months. Memory and imitation evolve during this period. Object permanence occurs around 9 months.
Serve and Return: Effective caregiver responses to infant cues are critical for brain development, communication, and social skills. The relationship between responsiveness and child development is important from birth onward.
Self-Regulation: Infants’ ability to self-soothe or regulate emotions is absent or limited in infancy but starts developing by 3 months. External help is sought by a child to improve self-regulation.
Language Development: From birth to 2 years, infants progress from reflexive behavior to intentional actions in their attempt to communicate, exhibiting imitation, comprehension, and language production stages. Table 5-4 illustrates language milestones.
Infant-directed speech: Infants respond more to this type of speech which is used in all cultures. Infant directed speech is tuned to child's interests, in addition to clarity and enthusiasm.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) in Toddlers

Characteristics: ASDs manifest around a child's first birthday, and include difficulties in social communication, play behavior, language, sensory differences, and motor development, as well as attention and eating.

Early Language Milestone Scale (ELM)

Assessment: This assessment measures developmental milestones around speech and language from birth to 3 years.

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Assessment: This assessment examines the behavior and neurological status of infants up to 2 months.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functions and development of emotions in infants, exploring theories from Bowlby to Freud. This quiz covers key aspects of infant emotional responses, including anger onset and the impact of maternal presence. Challenge yourself with questions on primary emotions and behavioral systems.