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Questions and Answers
The homofermentative group produces lactic acid as the sole product of the fermentation of ______.
The homofermentative group produces lactic acid as the sole product of the fermentation of ______.
sugars
The enzyme ______ is absent in heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria.
The enzyme ______ is absent in heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria.
aldolase
Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid, ______, and CO2.
Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid, ______, and CO2.
ethanol
The ______ pathway is used by heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria to ferment hexoses.
The ______ pathway is used by heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria to ferment hexoses.
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Homofermentative lactic acid bacteria are usually used as starter cultures in the ______ industry.
Homofermentative lactic acid bacteria are usually used as starter cultures in the ______ industry.
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The earliest classification of living organisms placed them into two categories: plants and ______.
The earliest classification of living organisms placed them into two categories: plants and ______.
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Living organisms were later divided into plants, animals, and ______.
Living organisms were later divided into plants, animals, and ______.
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Whittaker’s division classified living organisms into five groups based on cell type, organizational level, and nutritional type, including Monera, Protista, Plants, Fungi, and ______.
Whittaker’s division classified living organisms into five groups based on cell type, organizational level, and nutritional type, including Monera, Protista, Plants, Fungi, and ______.
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The currently accepted classification of living organisms is divided into three groups: Archaea, Bacteria, and ______.
The currently accepted classification of living organisms is divided into three groups: Archaea, Bacteria, and ______.
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Archaea and Bacteria are classified as ______ because they lack a true nucleus.
Archaea and Bacteria are classified as ______ because they lack a true nucleus.
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Eukarya are classified as ______ because they have complex cells with a nucleus.
Eukarya are classified as ______ because they have complex cells with a nucleus.
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The microorganisms used in industrial microbiology are found mainly among ______ and Eukarya.
The microorganisms used in industrial microbiology are found mainly among ______ and Eukarya.
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Currently, organisms from ______ are not used for industrial processes.
Currently, organisms from ______ are not used for industrial processes.
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Firmicutes are characterized by a ______ ratio that is used in classifying bacteria.
Firmicutes are characterized by a ______ ratio that is used in classifying bacteria.
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Gram-positive bacteria with G+C less than 50% are classified into the ______.
Gram-positive bacteria with G+C less than 50% are classified into the ______.
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The two major types of spore-forming Firmicutes are ______ and Clostridium spp.
The two major types of spore-forming Firmicutes are ______ and Clostridium spp.
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Non-spore forming Firmicutes are very important in industry and include ______ acid bacteria.
Non-spore forming Firmicutes are very important in industry and include ______ acid bacteria.
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The non-spore forming low G+C members are typically found in environments rich in ______.
The non-spore forming low G+C members are typically found in environments rich in ______.
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Lactic Acid Bacteria generally lack ______ and cytochromes.
Lactic Acid Bacteria generally lack ______ and cytochromes.
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Bacillus thuringiensis is used as a biopesticide against ______.
Bacillus thuringiensis is used as a biopesticide against ______.
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For successful cultivation of lactic acid bacteria, it is important to add ______, vitamins, and nucleotides.
For successful cultivation of lactic acid bacteria, it is important to add ______, vitamins, and nucleotides.
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Leuconostoc is associated with plant ______ materials.
Leuconostoc is associated with plant ______ materials.
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Lactobacillus is used as a starter in ______ manufacture.
Lactobacillus is used as a starter in ______ manufacture.
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Lactobacillus constitutes a significant component of the human and animal ______ system.
Lactobacillus constitutes a significant component of the human and animal ______ system.
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Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies delbrueckii is able to ferment ______.
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies delbrueckii is able to ferment ______.
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Lactobacillus helveticus is able to use both lactose and ______.
Lactobacillus helveticus is able to use both lactose and ______.
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The desirable characteristics of lactic acid bacteria include tolerating low pH and high ______.
The desirable characteristics of lactic acid bacteria include tolerating low pH and high ______.
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Lactobacillus lactis can ferment glucose, sucrose, and ______.
Lactobacillus lactis can ferment glucose, sucrose, and ______.
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The choice of a particular lactic acid bacterial species for production primarily depends on the ______ to be fermented.
The choice of a particular lactic acid bacterial species for production primarily depends on the ______ to be fermented.
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Rhizopus and Mucor are used for producing various ______.
Rhizopus and Mucor are used for producing various ______.
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Yeasts are used for the production of ______ and alcoholic beverages.
Yeasts are used for the production of ______ and alcoholic beverages.
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Claviceps purpurea is used for the production of ______ alkaloids.
Claviceps purpurea is used for the production of ______ alkaloids.
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Aspergillus is known for producing the food toxin ______.
Aspergillus is known for producing the food toxin ______.
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Penicillium is well-known for the antibiotic ______.
Penicillium is well-known for the antibiotic ______.
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Agaricus produces the edible ______ body or mushroom.
Agaricus produces the edible ______ body or mushroom.
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Microorganisms used for industrial production should preferably not require ______ outside those present in the medium.
Microorganisms used for industrial production should preferably not require ______ outside those present in the medium.
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The organism should exhibit reasonable genetic and physiological ______.
The organism should exhibit reasonable genetic and physiological ______.
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An organism that mutates easily is an expensive risk because it could produce undesired ______.
An organism that mutates easily is an expensive risk because it could produce undesired ______.
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In choosing between a yeast and a bacterium for production, it is better to use the yeast if the most appropriate recovery method is ______.
In choosing between a yeast and a bacterium for production, it is better to use the yeast if the most appropriate recovery method is ______.
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An organism with optimum productivity at high temperatures or low pH values has a decided advantage over ______.
An organism with optimum productivity at high temperatures or low pH values has a decided advantage over ______.
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The organism should be reasonably resistant to ______ such as Bdellovibrio spp. or bacteriophages.
The organism should be reasonably resistant to ______ such as Bdellovibrio spp. or bacteriophages.
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Aeration contributes to about 20% of the cost of the finished product, so the organism should not demand large amounts of ______.
Aeration contributes to about 20% of the cost of the finished product, so the organism should not demand large amounts of ______.
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An organism should lend itself to a suitable method of ______ at the end of fermentation.
An organism should lend itself to a suitable method of ______ at the end of fermentation.
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The organism should be easily amenable to ______ to enable the establishment of better strains.
The organism should be easily amenable to ______ to enable the establishment of better strains.
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A thermophilic efficient producer would be preferred to a ______ one.
A thermophilic efficient producer would be preferred to a ______ one.
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Study Notes
Industrial Microbiology (MICR404) - Chapter 2
-
Classification of Living Organisms: Living organisms are classified into three domains:
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eukarya
- Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes, while Eukarya are eukaryotes.
- The current classification is based on the work of Carl R. Woese.
Taxonomic Grouping of Industrial Microorganisms
- Industrial microorganisms are primarily found among bacteria and Eukarya.
- Microorganisms are dynamic and outdated procedures are replaced by new and efficient discoveries.
- Microorganisms with properties that allow them to survive and thrive in the presence of contaminants are favoured.
- Some Archaea can survive extreme conditions (temperature, salinity).
- Plants and animals (or their cell cultures) are also used in biotechnology.
- Microorganisms provide advantages over plants or animals (faster growth, lower space requirements).
Important Characteristics of Microorganisms
- Microorganisms grow rapidly compared to plants and animals. - Bacterial generation time can be as short as 15 minutes.
- Microorganisms require less space for growth than plants or animals.
- Microorganisms are less affected by environmental changes compared to plants and animals.
- Microorganisms are less affected by plant and animal diseases.
- Criteria for choosing microorganisms: survivability, productivity, handling.
Bacteria Classification
- Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology classifies bacteria into taxonomic groups.
- Classification is based on 16S RNA sequences.
- Bacteria are divided into 18 groups (phyla).
- Proteobacteria:
- Large and diverse group.
- Includes acetic acid bacteria (e.g., Acetobacter, Gluconobacter).
- Firmicutes:
- Gram-positive bacteria.
- Lack an outer membrane.
- Includes spore-forming bacteria (e.g., Bacillus).
- Lactic acid bacteria:
- Important in industry.
- Examples: Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus.
- Homofermentative and heterofermentative groups.
Fungi
- Members of the Eukarya domain and used for industrial production.
- Various groups with industrial applications:
- Phycomycetes (Zygomycetes)
- Ascomycetes
- Fungi Imperfecti
- Basidiomycetes
Important Characteristics for Industrial Microbes
- Industrial microorganisms must meet specific criteria:
- Grow in simple media (without extra growth factors).
- Rapid growth.
- Production of desired product at high rate.
- Stable genetic traits.
- No toxic end products.
- Easy harvest method.
- Resistance to predators (e.g. bacteriophages).
- Considerations: aeration requirements, genetic manipulation.
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Description
Explore the classification of living organisms in Industrial Microbiology. This chapter delves into the three domains of life, the taxonomic grouping of industrial microorganisms, and their essential characteristics. Learn about the significance of microorganisms in biotechnology and their advantages over traditional organisms.
