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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason for using the rRNA sequence in classification?
What is the primary reason for using the rRNA sequence in classification?
- It changes rapidly over time.
- It is highly variable among species.
- It is not found in all living things.
- It is identical in all ribosomes. (correct)
Which group of organisms is considered eucaryotic in the current classification system?
Which group of organisms is considered eucaryotic in the current classification system?
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Fungi
- Eukarya (correct)
How do 16S and 18S rRNA sequences aid in evolutionary classification?
How do 16S and 18S rRNA sequences aid in evolutionary classification?
- They provide genetic material for cloning.
- They contain sequences that change quickly.
- They allow comparisons of distantly related species. (correct)
- They remain unchanged across different organisms.
What defining feature distinguishes Archaea and Bacteria from Eukarya?
What defining feature distinguishes Archaea and Bacteria from Eukarya?
Why must an evolutionary time-keeper be capable of reflecting differences with time?
Why must an evolutionary time-keeper be capable of reflecting differences with time?
What is a characteristic of 16S and 18S rRNA that makes them suitable for phylogenetic studies?
What is a characteristic of 16S and 18S rRNA that makes them suitable for phylogenetic studies?
Which of the following statements about ribosomes is correct?
Which of the following statements about ribosomes is correct?
What role do variable sequences in rRNA play in studying evolutionary relationships?
What role do variable sequences in rRNA play in studying evolutionary relationships?
What distinguishes actinomycetes from fungi?
What distinguishes actinomycetes from fungi?
What is the best-known genus of actinomycetes recognized for its antibiotic production?
What is the best-known genus of actinomycetes recognized for its antibiotic production?
Which enzyme is NOT mentioned as an enzyme involved in the fermentation of glucose?
Which enzyme is NOT mentioned as an enzyme involved in the fermentation of glucose?
Why are actinomycetes tempting candidates for searching bioactive microbial metabolites?
Why are actinomycetes tempting candidates for searching bioactive microbial metabolites?
Which of the following enzymes is involved in the homofermentative pathway?
Which of the following enzymes is involved in the homofermentative pathway?
What characteristic is common among actinomycetes?
What characteristic is common among actinomycetes?
What is a primary application of the secondary metabolites produced by actinomycetes?
What is a primary application of the secondary metabolites produced by actinomycetes?
Which lactic acid bacteria is commonly associated with the fermentation process?
Which lactic acid bacteria is commonly associated with the fermentation process?
What factor contributes about 20% of the cost of the finished product in fermentation processes?
What factor contributes about 20% of the cost of the finished product in fermentation processes?
Which property is desirable in an organism for successful genetic manipulation in fermentation?
Which property is desirable in an organism for successful genetic manipulation in fermentation?
Why should the organism used in fermentation not be too highly demanding of oxygen?
Why should the organism used in fermentation not be too highly demanding of oxygen?
Which of the following processes is NOT related to fermentation costs mentioned?
Which of the following processes is NOT related to fermentation costs mentioned?
What should an effective organism strain possess to be more acceptable in terms of properties during fermentation?
What should an effective organism strain possess to be more acceptable in terms of properties during fermentation?
In what aspect do the readings contribute mainly to the understanding of fermentation?
In what aspect do the readings contribute mainly to the understanding of fermentation?
What could be a potential downside of organisms that demand high levels of oxygen during fermentation?
What could be a potential downside of organisms that demand high levels of oxygen during fermentation?
Which of the following suggested readings focuses on lactic acid bacteria?
Which of the following suggested readings focuses on lactic acid bacteria?
What is the primary characteristic of all Proteobacteria?
What is the primary characteristic of all Proteobacteria?
Which of the following statements correctly differentiates Acetobacter from Gluconobacter?
Which of the following statements correctly differentiates Acetobacter from Gluconobacter?
What type of metabolism do most members of the Proteobacteria exhibit?
What type of metabolism do most members of the Proteobacteria exhibit?
Which group of bacteria within the Proteobacteria is known for its reddish pigmentation?
Which group of bacteria within the Proteobacteria is known for its reddish pigmentation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Acetic Acid Bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Acetic Acid Bacteria?
Which of the following organisms within the Proteobacteria is recognized for its industrial potential due to alcohol production?
Which of the following organisms within the Proteobacteria is recognized for its industrial potential due to alcohol production?
How do most Proteobacteria move?
How do most Proteobacteria move?
What are the main industrially important organisms in the Proteobacteria group?
What are the main industrially important organisms in the Proteobacteria group?
What is the basis for the classification of bacteria in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology?
What is the basis for the classification of bacteria in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology?
Which group is considered the most evolutionarily primitive among the phyla in bacteria?
Which group is considered the most evolutionarily primitive among the phyla in bacteria?
Who was the first Chairman of the Board of the Society of American Bacteriologists that contributed to the publication of Bergey Manuals?
Who was the first Chairman of the Board of the Society of American Bacteriologists that contributed to the publication of Bergey Manuals?
In which year was Volume 3 of Bergey’s Manual published?
In which year was Volume 3 of Bergey’s Manual published?
Which bacterial phyla are predominantly used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology?
Which bacterial phyla are predominantly used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology?
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Study Notes
Classification of Microorganisms
- Modern classification relies on ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, specifically 16S for prokaryotes and 18S for eukaryotes.
- rRNA is universally distributed, preserving essential functions across all living organisms.
- Slow evolutionary changes in rRNA sequences allow for comparison of both closely and distantly related species.
Groups of Living Organisms
- Living organisms are classified into three domains: Archae, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
- Archae and Bacteria are prokaryotic, while Eukarya are eukaryotic.
- Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, based on 16S RNA sequences, categorizes Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
- Volume 1 (2001): Archae and deeply branching phototrophic bacteria.
- Volume 2 (2005): Proteobacteria.
- Volume 3 (2006): Low G+C Gram-positive bacteria.
- Volume 4 and 5 scheduled for publication in 2007, focusing on high G+C Gram-positive bacteria and various other groups.
Proteobacteria
- A diverse major group including pathogens like Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, and Helicobacter.
- Acetic acid bacteria: Acetobacter (peritrichously flagellated) and Gluconobacter (polarly flagellated) are crucial for vinegar production.
- Proteobacteria are Gram-negative, possessing lipopolysaccharide-rich outer membranes, with varied metabolic types.
Acetic Acid Bacteria
- Acetobacter can oxidize acetic acid to carbon dioxide, while Gluconobacter lacks the complete citric acid cycle.
- They thrive at acidic pH levels (5.0 or lower).
- Corynebacterium species are significant for amino acid production.
Actinomycetes
- Characterized by branching filamentous hyphae resembling fungi but classified as bacteria due to cell wall structure.
- Renowned for secondary metabolite production, leading to pharmaceutical applications, primarily from the genus Streptomyces.
- Actinomycetes are predominantly found in soil environments.
Eucarya: Fungi
- Fungi and their cell cultures are common in biotechnology, though microorganisms are preferred due to lower oxygen demand, impacting production costs.
- Genetic manipulability is a desirable characteristic for optimizing strains in industrial processes.
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