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Questions and Answers
What type of antibodies are primarily involved in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What type of antibodies are primarily involved in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary consequence of the antibody/antigen complex in Type II hypersensitivity?
What is the primary consequence of the antibody/antigen complex in Type II hypersensitivity?
Which disease is a good example of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Which disease is a good example of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the principal cause of pemphigus vulgaris?
What is the principal cause of pemphigus vulgaris?
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What is one of the initial symptoms of pemphigus vulgaris?
What is one of the initial symptoms of pemphigus vulgaris?
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In pemphigus vulgaris, where do lesions typically first occur?
In pemphigus vulgaris, where do lesions typically first occur?
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What is the role of desmoglein-3 in the epidermis?
What is the role of desmoglein-3 in the epidermis?
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What complication can arise from pemphigus vulgaris due to erosions in the mouth?
What complication can arise from pemphigus vulgaris due to erosions in the mouth?
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What role does the outer layer of dead cells in the skin play in immune defense?
What role does the outer layer of dead cells in the skin play in immune defense?
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Which characteristic is associated with type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Which characteristic is associated with type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is the primary function of sebaceous glands in the skin?
What is the primary function of sebaceous glands in the skin?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized as an autoimmune disease?
Which of the following conditions is characterized as an autoimmune disease?
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What is a key characteristic of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis?
What is a key characteristic of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis?
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How do antimicrobial peptides like defensins contribute to skin immunity?
How do antimicrobial peptides like defensins contribute to skin immunity?
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Which resident skin cell types contribute to optimal innate defense mechanisms?
Which resident skin cell types contribute to optimal innate defense mechanisms?
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What is the primary function of lysozyme in the skin?
What is the primary function of lysozyme in the skin?
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What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the skin?
What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the skin?
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Which of the following is true about Langerhans cells?
Which of the following is true about Langerhans cells?
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How do CD4+ T cells recognize antigens presented by dendritic cells?
How do CD4+ T cells recognize antigens presented by dendritic cells?
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Where do dendritic cells migrate to after processing antigens?
Where do dendritic cells migrate to after processing antigens?
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What type of immune response can result from allergen presentation by dendritic cells?
What type of immune response can result from allergen presentation by dendritic cells?
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What mechanisms are being investigated regarding dendritic cell-mediated sensitization?
What mechanisms are being investigated regarding dendritic cell-mediated sensitization?
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How are processed antigenic peptides associated with MHC class II molecules in dendritic cells?
How are processed antigenic peptides associated with MHC class II molecules in dendritic cells?
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What distinguishes the recognition of processed antigens by CD8+ T cells from that of CD4+ T cells?
What distinguishes the recognition of processed antigens by CD8+ T cells from that of CD4+ T cells?
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Which condition is most likely to lead to aspiration pneumonia?
Which condition is most likely to lead to aspiration pneumonia?
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What is a primary diagnostic indicator for scleroderma?
What is a primary diagnostic indicator for scleroderma?
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What characterizes the skin lesions in psoriasis?
What characterizes the skin lesions in psoriasis?
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Which of the following statements about psoriatic arthritis is true?
Which of the following statements about psoriatic arthritis is true?
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What renal manifestation is commonly associated with diffuse scleroderma?
What renal manifestation is commonly associated with diffuse scleroderma?
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Which of the following histological features is NOT associated with psoriasis?
Which of the following histological features is NOT associated with psoriasis?
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What is a common consequence of pulmonary hypertension?
What is a common consequence of pulmonary hypertension?
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Which gene is NOT linked to psoriasis?
Which gene is NOT linked to psoriasis?
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What characterizes the primary lesion in pemphigus foliaceus?
What characterizes the primary lesion in pemphigus foliaceus?
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Which diagnostic method is used to confirm bullous pemphigoid?
Which diagnostic method is used to confirm bullous pemphigoid?
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Which statement about linear IgA dermatosis is true?
Which statement about linear IgA dermatosis is true?
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What is a significant complication of open skin lesions caused by dermal diseases?
What is a significant complication of open skin lesions caused by dermal diseases?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with pemphigus foliaceus?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with pemphigus foliaceus?
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What potential outcome makes bullous pemphigoid particularly concerning for elderly patients?
What potential outcome makes bullous pemphigoid particularly concerning for elderly patients?
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Pemphigus erythematosus shares similarities with which other condition?
Pemphigus erythematosus shares similarities with which other condition?
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In bullous pemphigoid, where does the separation occur between the epidermis and dermis?
In bullous pemphigoid, where does the separation occur between the epidermis and dermis?
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What types of T-lymphocytes predominantly infiltrate the epidermis in psoriatic plaques?
What types of T-lymphocytes predominantly infiltrate the epidermis in psoriatic plaques?
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Which cytokines are produced by Th1 and Th17 T-cells in psoriasis?
Which cytokines are produced by Th1 and Th17 T-cells in psoriasis?
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What role do CD4+ T-cells play in the immune response in psoriasis?
What role do CD4+ T-cells play in the immune response in psoriasis?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes T-cell activation in psoriasis?
Which of the following statements correctly describes T-cell activation in psoriasis?
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What is the significance of TNF-α in psoriasis pathology?
What is the significance of TNF-α in psoriasis pathology?
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Which population of T-lymphocytes is predominantly present in resolving psoriatic plaques?
Which population of T-lymphocytes is predominantly present in resolving psoriatic plaques?
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How do super-antigens function in the context of psoriasis?
How do super-antigens function in the context of psoriasis?
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What factor contributes to the migration of T-lymphocytes to psoriatic plaques?
What factor contributes to the migration of T-lymphocytes to psoriatic plaques?
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Study Notes
Immune Cells in Epidermis and Dermis
- Immune cells in skin (epidermis and dermis) contribute to immune defenses, hypersensitivity, and autoimmune reactions.
- Skin layers include epidermis (outermost layer of dead cells, formed by keratinocytes in lower layers) and dermis (blood vessels, nerves, collagen fibers).
- Resident skin cells (keratinocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells) are crucial for innate immunity.
Skin Layers
- Stratum corneum (outermost layer): Composed of dead keratinocytes.
- Stratum granulosum: Keratinocytes become flatter, and produce proteins.
- Stratum spinosum: Keratinocytes are interconnected by desmosomes.
- Stratum basale: Keratinocytes are connected to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes, containing proteins (bullous pemphigoid antigens).
Skin Cells (Keratinocytes)
- Essential function of epidermal keratinocytes (KCs): Provides a physical barrier to microbes and allergens.
- Tightly interconnected by desmosomes (glue-like proteins like desmoglein 3 and desmoglein 1).
Skin Cells (Dendritic Cells)
- Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for initiating adaptive immunity.
- Detect skin-invading pathogens and allergens.
- Can be Langerhans cells (epidermal DCs), dermal DCs.
- Present antigens to T cells.
Skin Cells (Mast Cells)
- Involved in allergies.
- Release histamine in response to allergens leading to allergic symptoms.
Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Type I: Rapid (minutes-hours), IgE-mediated.
- Example: Atopic dermatitis, urticaria.
- Type II: Antibodies bind to cells, causing complement activation and cell damage.
- Examples: Pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, bullous pemphigoid, linear IgA dermatosis.
- Type III: Soluble antigen-antibody complexes activate complement.
- Examples: Systemic lupus erythematosus, immune complex glomerulonephritis
- Type IV: Delayed (days), cell-mediated.
- Examples: Contact dermatitis, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and psoriasis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Type II hypersensitivity reactions and related autoimmune diseases. This quiz covers key concepts such as antibody types, disease examples, and skin immune defense mechanisms. Perfect for students of immunology and dermatology.
