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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of antigen-presenting cells in the immune system?
What is the primary role of antigen-presenting cells in the immune system?
Where are antigen-presenting cells primarily found in the body?
Where are antigen-presenting cells primarily found in the body?
What is activated to stimulate the growth and differentiation of B cells?
What is activated to stimulate the growth and differentiation of B cells?
Which of the following best describes the adaptive immune response?
Which of the following best describes the adaptive immune response?
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What function do antigens serve in the immune response?
What function do antigens serve in the immune response?
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What is the primary role of cytokines in the immune system?
What is the primary role of cytokines in the immune system?
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Which of the following is considered a pathogenic microbe?
Which of the following is considered a pathogenic microbe?
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What is the function of antibodies in the immune system?
What is the function of antibodies in the immune system?
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Which type of cytokines are produced by Th2 T-helper cells?
Which type of cytokines are produced by Th2 T-helper cells?
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What distinguishes secretory IgA from serum IgA?
What distinguishes secretory IgA from serum IgA?
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What role do antigens play in the immune response?
What role do antigens play in the immune response?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine mentioned in the content?
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Which type of substances can serve as antigens?
Which type of substances can serve as antigens?
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What should students be able to do by the end of the immunology session?
What should students be able to do by the end of the immunology session?
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Which of the following best differentiates between the types of immunity?
Which of the following best differentiates between the types of immunity?
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What is the purpose of notetaking methods like spider diagrams in the immunology workbook?
What is the purpose of notetaking methods like spider diagrams in the immunology workbook?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the non-specific immune response?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the non-specific immune response?
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Which task is recommended to aid in understanding the organs and tissues of the immune system?
Which task is recommended to aid in understanding the organs and tissues of the immune system?
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Which statement correctly defines immunology?
Which statement correctly defines immunology?
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Which of the following descriptions applies to the adaptive immune system?
Which of the following descriptions applies to the adaptive immune system?
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What is crucial for students to do in preparation for the next immunology session?
What is crucial for students to do in preparation for the next immunology session?
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What is the primary function of eosinophils?
What is the primary function of eosinophils?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of basophils?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of basophils?
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What is degranulation?
What is degranulation?
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Which type of granulocyte is primarily involved in fighting bacterial infections through the release of super oxides?
Which type of granulocyte is primarily involved in fighting bacterial infections through the release of super oxides?
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How do basophils contribute to the mobility of other white blood cells?
How do basophils contribute to the mobility of other white blood cells?
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What common function is shared by both eosinophils and basophils?
What common function is shared by both eosinophils and basophils?
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What is the main role of super oxides released by specific immune cells?
What is the main role of super oxides released by specific immune cells?
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Which type of cell is classified as a granulocyte and is responsible for allergic reactions?
Which type of cell is classified as a granulocyte and is responsible for allergic reactions?
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What is the primary function of mucous in the respiratory tract?
What is the primary function of mucous in the respiratory tract?
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How do cilia contribute to respiratory health?
How do cilia contribute to respiratory health?
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What role does body temperature play in the immune response?
What role does body temperature play in the immune response?
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What effect does low pH have on pathogens in the stomach?
What effect does low pH have on pathogens in the stomach?
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What is a function of lysozyme in the body?
What is a function of lysozyme in the body?
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What role do phagocytic cells play at pathogen entry sites?
What role do phagocytic cells play at pathogen entry sites?
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Which of the following is NOT a physical or chemical barrier to pathogens?
Which of the following is NOT a physical or chemical barrier to pathogens?
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What immediate action is associated with inflammatory responses?
What immediate action is associated with inflammatory responses?
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Study Notes
Immunology Terminology
- Microbes are microscopic organisms found in various environments. Some are pathogenic, while others are commensal and beneficial for health.
- An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response in the body.
- Cytokines are protein messengers that influence the immune system by either boosting or suppressing its activity.
- Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are specific proteins produced by activated B cells (white blood cells) to neutralize or kill pathogens. Different types of Igs exist:
- IgA: found in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, breast milk, and serum.
- IgM: the first antibody produced in response to infection.
- IgG: the most abundant antibody in the blood, able to cross the placenta.
- IgE: involved in allergic reactions.
- IgD: primarily functions on the surface of B cells.
- Phagocytes are immune cells that engulf and destroy foreign particles and pathogens. Examples include macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.
- Eosinophils are granulocytes involved in innate immunity and allergic reactions. They degranulate and release enzymes, growth factors, and cytokines.
- Basophils are granulocytes also involved in innate immunity and allergic reactions. They degranulate and release histamine, enzymes, and cytokines. Additionally, they secrete anticoagulants like heparin, facilitating the mobility of other white blood cells.
- Lymphocytes are white blood cells critical for adaptive immunity. They include T cells and B cells.
- T cells: responsible for cell-mediated immunity, directly attacking infected cells or triggering other immune cells.
- B cells: responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, producing antibodies against specific antigens.
- Macrophages are large phagocytic cells found in tissues. They engulf and destroy pathogens, activate other immune cells, and present antigens to T cells.
- Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells found in tissues and lymph nodes. They capture and process antigens, presenting them to T cells to initiate adaptive immune responses.
- Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in the blood. They are phagocytic and migrate to sites of infection to engulf and destroy pathogens.
Natural Defenses
- The body naturally defends against pathogens through various mechanisms:
-
Physiological: These involve physical and chemical barriers that hinder pathogen entry and survival.
- Temperature: Fever inhibits pathogen proliferation.
- Low pH: The stomach's acidic environment kills many pathogens.
- Chemical Mediators: Lysozyme disrupts bacterial cell walls. Interferons induce antiviral defenses in uninfected cells. Complement proteins lyse pathogens or enhance phagocytosis.
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Phagocytic/Endocytic: These involve immune cells internalizing and destroying pathogens.
- Macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils engulf and destroy pathogens or break down foreign macromolecules.
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Inflammatory: This involves a complex response to tissue damage or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
- Inflammation recruits immune cells to the site of infection or injury, facilitates tissue repair, and eliminates pathogens.
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Physiological: These involve physical and chemical barriers that hinder pathogen entry and survival.
Immune System Components
- The immune system consists of organs and tissues that work together to protect the body from disease:
-
Primary Lymphoid Organs:
- Thymus: where T cells mature and differentiate.
- Bone Marrow: where all blood cells, including B cells, are produced.
-
Secondary Lymphoid Organs:
- Lymph Nodes: filter lymph fluid and house immune cells, facilitating immune responses.
- Spleen: filters blood, removing pathogens and worn-out red blood cells; also contains immune cells.
- Tonsils, Adenoids, and Peyer's Patches: located in mucosal tissues, they trap pathogens and initiate immune responses against them.
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Immune Cells: These include:
- Leukocytes (white blood cells):
- Lymphocytes: T cells, B cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells
- Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
- Macrophages (large phagocytic cells)
- Dendritic Cells (antigen-presenting cells)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells):
-
Primary Lymphoid Organs:
Non-specific (Innate) and Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity
-
Innate Immunity:
- First line of defense: Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes) and chemical barriers (acidic pH, lysozyme).
- Second line of defense: Phagocytes, complement system, inflammation, NK cells.
- Non-specific: Acts against all pathogens, no memory.
-
Adaptive Immunity:
- Third line of defense: Specific immune responses, mediated by T cells and B cells.
- Highly specific: Recognizes and targets specific pathogens.
- Memory: Develops long-lasting immunity against previously encountered pathogens.
Cells of the Immune System
-
Innate Immune System:
- Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
- Macrophages
- Dendritic Cells
- NK Cells
-
Adaptive Immune System:
- T cells (cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells)
- B cells (plasma cells, memory B cells)
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Description
Test your knowledge of key immunology terms and concepts. This quiz covers important terminology, including microbes, antigens, cytokines, and antibodies. Perfect for students and enthusiasts looking to deepen their understanding of the immune system.
