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Questions and Answers
Which organ is responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes?
Which organ is responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes?
What is the primary function of the spleen in the immune system?
What is the primary function of the spleen in the immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?
What is a function of mucous membranes in the immune system?
What is a function of mucous membranes in the immune system?
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How do lymph nodes contribute to the immune response?
How do lymph nodes contribute to the immune response?
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What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
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Which component of the oral cavity acts as a physical barrier in the immune response?
Which component of the oral cavity acts as a physical barrier in the immune response?
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What roles do antibodies play in adaptive immunity?
What roles do antibodies play in adaptive immunity?
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What is a common factor that can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases?
What is a common factor that can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases?
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Which of the following statements about autoimmune diseases is true?
Which of the following statements about autoimmune diseases is true?
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What oral manifestation is commonly associated with Sjögren syndrome?
What oral manifestation is commonly associated with Sjögren syndrome?
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Which treatment option is NOT typically used for autoimmune diseases?
Which treatment option is NOT typically used for autoimmune diseases?
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Which condition is characterized by painful blistering lesions on mucous membranes?
Which condition is characterized by painful blistering lesions on mucous membranes?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of an autoimmune disease mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an autoimmune disease mentioned?
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In autoimmune diseases, what role do immunosuppressants play?
In autoimmune diseases, what role do immunosuppressants play?
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What is a key aspect of treating patients with autoimmune diseases in a dental setting?
What is a key aspect of treating patients with autoimmune diseases in a dental setting?
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What is the primary function of cytokines released by T helper cells?
What is the primary function of cytokines released by T helper cells?
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Which type of cell is responsible for degranulation and releasing histamines during an immune response?
Which type of cell is responsible for degranulation and releasing histamines during an immune response?
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What role do antigen presenting cells have in the immune response?
What role do antigen presenting cells have in the immune response?
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Cytotoxic T cells are mainly responsible for targeting which of the following?
Cytotoxic T cells are mainly responsible for targeting which of the following?
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What do PMNs primarily release during an immune response?
What do PMNs primarily release during an immune response?
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Which of the following cells is NOT involved in the process of differentiating B cells?
Which of the following cells is NOT involved in the process of differentiating B cells?
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What is the main activity of histamine when released by mast cells?
What is the main activity of histamine when released by mast cells?
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How do granulocytes contribute to the immune response?
How do granulocytes contribute to the immune response?
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What is the primary mediator released during degranulation of mast cells in allergic reactions?
What is the primary mediator released during degranulation of mast cells in allergic reactions?
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by T cells and involves delayed responses?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by T cells and involves delayed responses?
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In which scenario would IgG and IgM antibodies typically bind to antigens on host cells?
In which scenario would IgG and IgM antibodies typically bind to antigens on host cells?
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Symptoms such as serum sickness and rheumatoid arthritis are associated with which type of immune reaction?
Symptoms such as serum sickness and rheumatoid arthritis are associated with which type of immune reaction?
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What is the treatment approach for Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the treatment approach for Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which of the following conditions may result in a patient becoming immunocompromised?
Which of the following conditions may result in a patient becoming immunocompromised?
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What is a common treatment approach for delayed hypersensitivity reactions such as contact dermatitis?
What is a common treatment approach for delayed hypersensitivity reactions such as contact dermatitis?
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What is the main risk of failing to ask patients about allergies during dental appointments?
What is the main risk of failing to ask patients about allergies during dental appointments?
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What role do antibodies play in the immune system?
What role do antibodies play in the immune system?
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Which type of immunoglobulin is primarily involved in allergic reactions?
Which type of immunoglobulin is primarily involved in allergic reactions?
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Which statement about Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is true?
Which statement about Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is true?
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What characterizes Immunoglobulin A (IgA)?
What characterizes Immunoglobulin A (IgA)?
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Which immunoglobulin supports B cell maturation and activation?
Which immunoglobulin supports B cell maturation and activation?
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What is the primary function of Immunoglobulin G (IgG)?
What is the primary function of Immunoglobulin G (IgG)?
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Which type of antibody is NOT capable of activating the complement system?
Which type of antibody is NOT capable of activating the complement system?
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In which bodily fluids are antibodies typically found?
In which bodily fluids are antibodies typically found?
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What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune system?
What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune system?
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Which cells are primarily responsible for the destruction of infected cells?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the destruction of infected cells?
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What type of immunity do B cells contribute to?
What type of immunity do B cells contribute to?
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What is a unique function of dendritic cells in the immune response?
What is a unique function of dendritic cells in the immune response?
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Which cells are known as the most common leukocytes?
Which cells are known as the most common leukocytes?
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What mechanism do eosinophils primarily employ?
What mechanism do eosinophils primarily employ?
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Regulatory T cells play a key role in the immune system by:
Regulatory T cells play a key role in the immune system by:
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What is the function of memory cells in the immune system?
What is the function of memory cells in the immune system?
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From which precursor do monocytes develop?
From which precursor do monocytes develop?
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Which cell type acts as an antigen-presenting cell in the adaptive immune response?
Which cell type acts as an antigen-presenting cell in the adaptive immune response?
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In which part of the body do memory B cells mature?
In which part of the body do memory B cells mature?
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What is the main target of neutrophils?
What is the main target of neutrophils?
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What do plasma cells secrete?
What do plasma cells secrete?
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Which group of cells helps link the innate and adaptive immunity?
Which group of cells helps link the innate and adaptive immunity?
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Study Notes
Immunology Overview
- Immunology is the study of the body's immune system and how it protects against disease.
- Microbes are microscopic organisms, some pathogenic (disease-causing) and others beneficial. Examples include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
- Antigens are substances found on infection-causing organisms that trigger an immune response. Examples include bacteria, viruses, chemicals, toxins, and pollen.
- Cytokines are small proteins that control/signal immune cell growth and activity. Examples include interleukins, interferons, and lymphokines.
- Antibodies are special proteins produced by activated B cells which target and weaken antigens. They are also called immunoglobulins.
- Phagocytes are immune cells that engulf and digest pathogens. Examples include macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, and granulocytes.
- Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) process antigens and display them for T cells to recognize. Examples include macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
- Proteins within the immune system are large molecules made of amino acids. Examples include antibodies, cytokines, and complement proteins.
- Opsonins are molecules that coat pathogens, making them more recognizable to phagocytes. IgG and C3b are examples.
- Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens.
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death that removes unwanted cells.
- The complement system helps eliminate pathogens and damaged cells.
- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells are the first line of defense in response to tissue injury, infection, and inflammation.
Key Organs and Tissues of the Immune System
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Primary organs create specialized immune system cells (lymphocytes).
- Bone marrow: produces immune system cells, B lymphocytes mature here
- Thymus: site of T lymphocyte maturation, coordinates immune responses.
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Secondary organs function within these organs where immune cells attack foreign substances.
- Tonsils: prevent foreign substances from nasal and oral cavities
- Spleen: filters blood, stores platelets and white blood cells; breaks down old red blood cells
- Lymph nodes: filter lymph fluid, trap pathogens, trigger antibody production
- Mucous membranes: immune system cells line these, acting as a protection barrier; found in nose, throat, bladder, and genitals.
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
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Innate Immunity: non-specific, immediate response, no memory
- First line of defense (skin, mucous membranes)
- Includes immune cells like phagocytes.
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Adaptive Immunity: specific, develops over time, has memory
- Involves B and T lymphocytes
- Antibody production
Key Barriers of Innate Immune System
- Anatomic: initial physical barrier (skin, mucous membranes)
- Physiological: regulates immune response through body systems (e.g., low pH in stomach, body temperature)
- Phagocytic/Endocytic: engulf and digest pathogens (macrophages, neutrophils)
- Inflammatory: detects injury, triggers immune response to protect from pathogens & tissue damage (cytokines, histamine)
Cells of the Immune System
- Many different types with varying functions
- Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils) consume and destroy pathogens.
- Lymphocytes (B and T cells) are central to adaptive immunity, producing antibodies and directly attacking cells.
- Other cells like dendritic cells and natural killer cells play supporting roles in the immune response.
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
- Special proteins produced by B cells.
- Recognize and bind to antigens to destroy or disable them. There are 5 major types (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE).
- Each antibody type has different functions and locations in the body (e.g., IgG is the most abundant in blood, IgA is found in secretions).
Immune Responses
- Humoral immunity: antibody-mediated response, fights extracellular pathogens (B cells, antibodies)
- Cellular immunity: cell-mediated response, fights intracellular pathogens (T cells)
Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
- Passive: receiving antibodies from another source (e.g., maternal antibodies in breast milk, immunoglobulin injections). Short-lived.
- Active: developing antibodies in response to an infection or vaccination. Long-lived due to immunological memory.
Immune Disorders - Hypersensitivity
- Type I (Anaphylaxis): rapid, caused by re-exposure to an allergen, involves IgE antibodies, mast cells, and basophils.
- Type II (Cytotoxic): occurs when antibodies bind to host cells, triggering complement activation and cell destruction (e.g., in autoimmune hemolytic anemia).
- Type III (Immune Complex): an immune complex reaction formed by antigens and antibodies, resulting in inflammation (e.g., serum sickness).
- Type IV (T cell mediated): delayed hypersensitivity, caused by T cells and macrophages triggering inflammation and tissue damage (e.g., contact dermatitis).
Immune Disorders - Immunodeficiency
- Primary: inherited, rare conditions impairing immune function.
- Secondary: acquired conditions due to factors like infections or other diseases (e.g., malnutrition).
Autoimmunity
- Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)
Dental Implications
- Systemic conditions, including immune disorders, can impact oral health.
- Patients with compromised immune systems are at greater risk of infections and complications during dental procedures.
- Dental professionals must be aware and follow preventative strategies to mitigate risks.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of immunology, including the immune system's functions, the role of microbes, and the significance of antibodies and cytokines. This quiz covers key terms and processes essential for understanding how the body defends against disease.
