Immunology Quiz: Vaccines and Immunity

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is artificially acquired passive immunity primarily known for?

Providing immediate protection through antibody therapy (correct)

Stimulating the production of antibodies in the host

Inducing a long-term immune response

Creating memory cells for future infections

Which of the following diseases are protected against by toxoids?

Polio and rabies

Cholera and tuberculosis

Hepatitis B and influenza

Diphtheria and tetanus (correct)

What types of vaccines are considered subunit vaccines?

Components of pathogens (correct)

Whole killed pathogens

Live, weakened pathogens

Modified viruses carrying pathogen genes

Who documented the uses of variolation in relation to smallpox?

Edward Jenner Signup and view all the answers

Which method became the standard for smallpox vaccination in the U.K. by 1898?

Calf lymph Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the smallpox vaccine history in 1980?

WHO declared smallpox eradicated Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes herd immunity?

Resistance against disease due to immunization of a large group Signup and view all the answers

What does the designation of virus subtypes 'H' and 'N' refer to?

Surface antigens on the virus Signup and view all the answers

In the context of attenuated vaccines, which method involves using closely related but less dangerous organisms?

Cross-immunization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a monoclonal antibody therapy for COVID-19?

Bamlanivimab Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical feature of the killed (inactivated) type of vaccine?

It requires multiple doses to achieve immunity Signup and view all the answers

What year was the U.S. vaccine agency established?

1813 Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily associated with the development of antibodies in an individual following infection?

Natural active immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases did Edward Jenner's variolation challenge focus on?

Smallpox Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'attenuated' refer to in vaccine development?

Weakened microbes Signup and view all the answers

What significant legal case regarding vaccination occurred in 1905?

Jacobson v. Massachusetts Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the storage of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine?

-80˚C Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine type does NOT require refrigeration?

Johnson & Johnson vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the herd immunity threshold for Measles?

94% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following allergic reactions is associated with the Influenza vaccine?

Eggs Signup and view all the answers

What best describes naturally acquired active immunity?

Immunity that forms after microbial pathogens enter the body naturally. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average cost for developing a drug according to the content provided?

About $1.1 billion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is transferred from mother to child through breast milk?

Naturally acquired passive immunity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding herd immunity?

Herd immunity can be maintained with a high vaccination rate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is known to confer life-long immunity after infection?

Measles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mode of transmission for Diphtheria?

Saliva Signup and view all the answers

How long can maternal antibodies generally remain active in a child’s body?

Six months. Signup and view all the answers

What storage condition does the Moderna vaccine require?

-20˚C Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of artificially acquired active immunity?

Immunity formed by the body in response to an intentionally introduced antigen. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these diseases typically results in temporary immunity lasting only a few years?

Diphtheria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vaccines in artificially acquired immunity?

They stimulate the immune system to synthesize antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is classified as passive regardless of the method of transfer?

Artificially acquired passive immunity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of killed/inactivated vaccines?

The antigens must retain their shape. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of using subunit vaccines?

They do not carry a risk of replication. Signup and view all the answers

Why may killed/inactivated vaccines be considered less effective?

They require multiple doses for an active immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What do vector-based recombinant vaccines utilize?

Antigens of pathogens inserted in non-pathogenic organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of a subunit vaccine?

Hepatitis B viral envelope protein. Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity do killed/inactivated vaccines primarily stimulate?

Antibody-mediated immunity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of vector-based recombinant vaccines?

They may not accurately present the pathogen's antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What can occur when microbe culture is applied to alternative cell lines?

The microbe may grow better in these nonhuman cell lines. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of an effective oral vaccine?

It must not be deactivated by stomach acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of administering a vaccine through direct injection?

It places antigens in the tissues to elicit an immune response. Signup and view all the answers

Which method of vaccine administration primarily elicits a localized immune response?

Oral administration Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the general side effects mentioned regarding vaccines?

Interferon response Signup and view all the answers

What significant public misconception about vaccines began with Jenny McCarthy?

Vaccines lead to autism. Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is associated with the term 'residual virulence'?

Attenuated vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a drawback of oral administration of vaccines?

It can trigger systemic immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant issue regarding the 2004 flu vaccine?

Contamination with Thimerosal. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbiology Lecture 15: Immunization and Vaccination

Lecturer: Patrick Daydif
Office: UCENT 356
Phone: (602) 496-0599
Email: [email protected]
Office Hours: Refer to Canvas or by appointment.
Best Contact: Face-to-face

Types of Acquired Immunity

Natural Immunity:
- Active: Antigens enter naturally, body produces antibodies and lymphocytes.
- Passive: Antibodies transfer from mother to fetus or infant via placenta or breast milk.
Artificial Immunity:
- Active: Antigens introduced in vaccines, body produces antibodies and lymphocytes.
- Passive: Preformed antibodies introduced to the body via injection (immune serum).

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity develops after natural infection with antigens.
Body produces antibodies and memory cells.
Duration varies; some are lifelong (e.g., smallpox, measles, chickenpox). Some last only a few years (e.g., diphtheria, tetanus). Others are temporary (e.g., influenza, pneumonia).

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

Antibodies produced in one individual transfer to another (e.g., mother to child).
Child develops immunity from receiving antibodies.
Maternal antibodies (IgA) also transfer through breast milk, lasting 3-6 months.
Some cases show presence after a year, but immunity is greatly reduced.

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Deliberately introducing antigens (vaccine, toxoid) into the body.
Body produces antibodies.
Vaccines now available for many infectious agents (e.g., cholera, tuberculosis, plague, pneumonia, smallpox).
Toxoids available for diphtheria and tetanus.

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

Known as antibody therapy.
Introducing antibody-rich serum (blood plasma) from a recovered individual into a susceptible individual.
Aka monoclonal or convalescent therapy.
Used for immediate response to diseases but only lasts 2-3 weeks.
Useful for viral diseases (e.g., hepatitis B, chickenpox, COVID-19) and bacterial diseases which involve disease-causing toxins (e.g., botulism, diphtheria, tetanus, staphylococcal poisoning).
Also used for anti-venom/anti-serum.
Monoclonal antibody therapies can act as a bridge until vaccines are ready.

Passive vs. Active Immunization

Passive Immunization: Antibody levels peak immediately and decline quickly.
Active Immunization: Antibody levels rise more gradually, reaching a plateau over time and remaining at a high level for a longer period.
Vaccines generally involve longer lasting immunity.

Vaccines

Historical Vaccines: Smallpox vaccines; historical methods and spread.
General Types:
- Attenuated (live, weakened): Virus/bacteria cultivated under conditions that disable virulence.
- Killed (inactivated): Killed with chemicals or heat, shape of antigens preserved. (More doses needed)
- Subunit/Toxoid: Protein fragments of the microbe or inactivated toxins stimulate antibody responses.
- Vector-Based Recombinant: Genes for antigens put into non-pathogens to express pathogen antigens and stimulate immunity.

Considerations of a Vaccine

Example: Influenza Virus
- Virus subtypes determined by H and N antigens. Flu vaccines target conserved epitopes of the pathogen (but these different parts do not always stop the virus binding to the host cell).

COVID-19 Vaccines

BioNTech/Pfizer & Moderna use mRNA; J&J uses adenovirus vector.
Diagrams show production and functioning of mRNA and adenovirus vector vaccines.

Cancer Vaccines

Two types: vaccines to prevent infection leading to cancer (such as HPV or Hep B) and vaccines to treat existing cancer (therapeutic vaccines).
Include antigens to elicit immune responses against cancer cells (e.g., HER-2/neu, PDL-1).
Diagrams show possible cancer molecules.

Method of Administration

Direct injection (IV, IM) induce systemic immune response.
Inhalation or nasal spray, oral may be localized.
Subcutaneous: allows local replication but also induces systemic response.

Vaccine Safety & Problems

General side effects: Interferon response, Residual virulence, Attenuated vaccines.
Vaccine recalls: Contaminated vaccines (e.g., some 2004 flu vaccines, Thimerosal).
Public Misconceptions: Past controversies (e.g., MMR and autism; Wakefield, McCarthy).
Stability: Need for refrigeration in some vaccines (e.g., COVID-19 vaccines).
Allergic reactions: Gelatin/MMR; Eggs/Influenza.
Research Cost/Government: Significant investment and risk in drug development.

Herd Immunity

Describes protection of a population when a significant portion is vaccinated.
Vaccination thresholds vary by disease (e.g., Diphtheria, Measles, Mumps, Pertussis, Polio...).

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on immunology concepts, including types of vaccines, passive immunity, and historical vaccine developments. This quiz covers critical topics such as herd immunity, subunit vaccines, and significant milestones in vaccination history.