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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the incubation period of a disease?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the incubation period of a disease?
The period of illness is characterized by mild symptoms and is considered the most acute phase of a disease.
The period of illness is characterized by mild symptoms and is considered the most acute phase of a disease.
False
Name the two symptoms mentioned that are associated with different periods of disease progression.
Name the two symptoms mentioned that are associated with different periods of disease progression.
Nausea, vomiting
The __________ period is the time when a person begins to recover and regain strength.
The __________ period is the time when a person begins to recover and regain strength.
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Match the following disease stages with their characteristics:
Match the following disease stages with their characteristics:
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Which type of vaccine uses genes for the antigen from the pathogen to stimulate immunity?
Which type of vaccine uses genes for the antigen from the pathogen to stimulate immunity?
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Live attenuated vaccines provide a consistent level of protection against diseases.
Live attenuated vaccines provide a consistent level of protection against diseases.
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Name a whole cell vaccine used for travelers.
Name a whole cell vaccine used for travelers.
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Acellular vaccines can contain capsular polysaccharides or __________.
Acellular vaccines can contain capsular polysaccharides or __________.
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Match the following vaccines with their examples:
Match the following vaccines with their examples:
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Which diagnostic method is used primarily for examining viral cell infections?
Which diagnostic method is used primarily for examining viral cell infections?
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ELISA is a method to detect the presence of viral nucleic acid in a sample.
ELISA is a method to detect the presence of viral nucleic acid in a sample.
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What type of vaccine is used for high-risk individuals and healthcare workers at birth?
What type of vaccine is used for high-risk individuals and healthcare workers at birth?
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Study Notes
Vaccine Types
- Recombinant vaccines: Use genes for pathogen antigens to stimulate immunity, no pathogen present. Example: 7-in-1 animal vaccines.
- Whole-cell vaccines: Contain killed whole bacteria. Examples: Cholera (short-term effectiveness)
- Attenuated bacteria vaccines: Contain weakened bacteria. Examples: Tuberculosis (for high-risk occupations, varying protection levels); Typhoid (for travelers, low effectiveness).
- Acellular vaccines: Contain capsular polysaccharides or proteins. Examples: Anthrax (for military/occupationally exposed); Meningitis (infants/children, with DTaP); Pneumococcal pneumonia (high-risk people, moderate protection); Pertussis (newborns/children, recombinant protein antigens).
- Toxoid vaccines: Contain inactivated toxins. Examples: Diphtheria (routine childhood, high effectiveness); Tetanus (routine childhood, high effectiveness); Pertussis (routine childhood, high effectiveness); Botulism (exposed lab personnel).
- Inactive whole virus vaccines: Contain inactivated viruses. Examples: Rabies (exposed/bitten people); Influenza (high-risk populations, requires frequent strain updates, temporary immunity); Hepatitis A (travelers/institutionalized).
- Attenuated virus vaccines: Contain weakened viruses. Examples: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Chickenpox (Varicella). (Routine childhood, effective). MMRV vaccine combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella.
- Subunit viral vaccines: Contain specific viral components. Examples: Hepatitis B (given at birth, healthcare workers/at-risk people); Influenza
- Recombinant viral vaccines: More commonly used than subunit vaccines. Examples: Hepatitis B (given at birth, healthcare workers/at-risk people); Pertussis (newborns/children ); HPV (Human Papilloma Virus, routine childhood/adolescent vaccine from 2006)
Virus Diagnosis
- Signs and Symptoms: Key indicators of infection.
- Cytopathic effects: Observing tissue culture damage from viral infection (reveals speed and type of virus).
- Eggs: Injecting viruses/cells into eggs to culture the virus.
- Electron microscope: Allows visualization, but expensive and not frequently used.
- Gel electrophoresis: Separates proteins.
- ELISA: Antigen-antibody reaction to detect specific antibodies or antigens.
- Genetic analysis: Analyzing viral nucleic acid.
- Serological testing: Blood tests to detect antibodies indicative of prior infection.
Disease Progression
- Incubation period: Time between exposure and symptoms. Examples include 21 days (chickenpox), 24 hours (flu), 6 years (leprosy), and 24 hours (some E. coli). Factors affecting incubation: host age, health, immune system, and organism type.
- Prodromal period: Short period with mild symptoms (aches, fever, nausea, headache).
- Illness period: Most acute phase, exhibiting significant, distinct symptoms (ex. strep throat—sore throat, chickenpox—pox lesions).
- Decline period: Symptoms decrease. Vulnerability to secondary infections. Usually takes 24 hours to several days.
- Convalescence period: Recovery, regaining strength (eating, etc.), returning to normalcy. Disease particles may still be shed, even without obvious symptoms.
Specific Disease: Syphilis
- Syphilis: Bacterial sexually transmitted disease, not limited to genitals. May affect brain and spinal cord. High prevalence in the US. Characteristic features include rashes and potential neurological complications.
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Description
This quiz covers various types of vaccines, including recombinant, whole-cell, attenuated, acellular, and toxoid vaccines. Each type's effectiveness and examples are discussed for a comprehensive understanding of vaccine classification. Test your knowledge on how these vaccines help in disease prevention.
