Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of a vaccine?
What is the primary purpose of a vaccine?
What happens when an individual receives a vaccine?
What happens when an individual receives a vaccine?
What does a higher R0 number indicate regarding vaccination rates?
What does a higher R0 number indicate regarding vaccination rates?
What practice did Jenner develop as a safer alternative to variolation?
What practice did Jenner develop as a safer alternative to variolation?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the result of WHO's vaccination program that started in 1967?
What was the result of WHO's vaccination program that started in 1967?
Signup and view all the answers
What misconception about vaccines can lead to vaccine hesitancy?
What misconception about vaccines can lead to vaccine hesitancy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements is true regarding potential harms of vaccines?
Which of the following statements is true regarding potential harms of vaccines?
Signup and view all the answers
Who was the first person to successfully use cowpox to immunize against smallpox?
Who was the first person to successfully use cowpox to immunize against smallpox?
Signup and view all the answers
Flashcards
Vaccine Definition
Vaccine Definition
A preparation that boosts the body's immunity against an infectious disease.
Herd Immunity
Herd Immunity
The level of vaccination needed to protect the unvaccinated.
R0 number
R0 number
Average number of people a single infected person infects without intervention.
Vaccine mechanism
Vaccine mechanism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Jenner's innovation
Jenner's innovation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Smallpox eradication
Smallpox eradication
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vaccine hesitancy
Vaccine hesitancy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vaccine safety
Vaccine safety
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Unit 8 - Vaccines
- Vaccines are preparations to stimulate the body's immune response against specific infectious agents or diseases.
- Vaccines protect vaccinated individuals and potentially unvaccinated ones.
- Vaccines work by mimicking a bacteria or virus using mRNA, dead, or weakened versions.
- This prompts the body to recognize and fight the virus when encountering the actual virus.
- Contagiousness is measured by R0, the number of people one infected person normally infects. Higher R0 indicates a need for higher vaccination rates.
- Vaccination rates needed to achieve herd immunity vary based on R0.
- Cowpox, a viral infection in cows, is related to the smallpox virus and was used in an early vaccination method.
Edward Jenner & Smallpox
- Smallpox is a human disease with a high fatality rate, especially among children.
- Variolation, the deliberate infection with smallpox material, was a common practice, but unsafe.
- Edward Jenner noticed that people who had cowpox were resistant to smallpox and developed a safe alternative.
- Jenner's method involved using cowpox to prevent smallpox, leading to the concept of vaccination.
Smallpox Eradication
- Smallpox was a widespread disease, causing millions of deaths globally in the 20th century.
- A vaccination program, spearheaded by the WHO, eradicated smallpox in 1980.
- This successful eradication program highlights the impact of vaccines.
Potential Vaccine Harms
- No vaccine is 100% safe.
- Adverse reactions to vaccines are relatively common, usually mild, like pain, swelling, or a rash.
- Serious, long-term health problems from vaccines are rare.
Unit 9 - COVID
- Viruses are not living organisms; they lack essential cellular components (membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes).
- Viruses, like COVID-19, have genetic material (RNA or DNA) enclosed in a protein coat.
- Viruses replicate inside host cells.
- SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has a protein shell (envelope) and viral RNA.
- COVID-19 can infect cells that have ACE2 receptors.
SARS-CoV-2 Infection Outcomes
- Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection vary.
- Some people experience mild or moderate illness, while others have severe illness, critical illness, or die.
- COVID-19 symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic to critical, are influenced by several factors.
SARS-CoV-2 Life Cycle
- SARS-CoV-2 infects cells through binding to ACE2 receptors.
- The virus releases its genetic material, replicates, produces viral components, assembles new viruses, and leaves the cell via exocytosis.
- This intracellular process makes it difficult to treat because viruses can't replicate outside a host cell.
Unit 10 - Anthropocene
- The Anthropocene is a period in Earth's history defined by significant human impact on the environment. This includes increased CO2 emissions.
- Human activities increase atmospheric CO2 levels.
- An increase in greenhouse gasses causes global warming, which has various effects, such as increased risk of climate change-related diseases and disruptions in ocean ecosystems.
- Climate change also affects certain animal populations, which may increase or decrease based on the changes in the environment.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the basics of vaccines, including how they stimulate the immune response and their role in achieving herd immunity. It also explores the historical context of smallpox and the contributions of Edward Jenner, including the use of cowpox in early vaccination methods.
