Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of adaptive immunity?
What is the primary function of adaptive immunity?
- To eliminate non-specific pathogens
- To develop immunologic memory against pathogens (correct)
- To prevent systemic responses like fever
- To enhance the action of innate immunity
Which cells are directly involved in the activation of T cells?
Which cells are directly involved in the activation of T cells?
- Plasma cells
- B cells
- T suppressor cells
- Antigen presenting cells (APCs) (correct)
What can occur if T cells mistakenly attack the body's own cells?
What can occur if T cells mistakenly attack the body's own cells?
- Increased pathogen resistance
- Autoimmune diseases (correct)
- Non-responsiveness to pathogens
- Enhanced immunologic memory
Which statement best describes the role of clonal expansion in immune response?
Which statement best describes the role of clonal expansion in immune response?
What is an essential feature of T cells concerning antigen recognition?
What is an essential feature of T cells concerning antigen recognition?
Which type of immunity is activated when innate immunity fails to eliminate an infection?
Which type of immunity is activated when innate immunity fails to eliminate an infection?
In adaptive immunity, how does immunologic memory function?
In adaptive immunity, how does immunologic memory function?
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
What is the primary function of bone marrow in the immune system?
What is the primary function of bone marrow in the immune system?
Which type of immunity involves mechanisms that do not require prior exposure to pathogens?
Which type of immunity involves mechanisms that do not require prior exposure to pathogens?
Which cell type is primarily involved in the adaptive immune response?
Which cell type is primarily involved in the adaptive immune response?
What is a characteristic feature of non-specific barriers in the immune system?
What is a characteristic feature of non-specific barriers in the immune system?
Which of the following correctly identifies a primary organ of the immune system?
Which of the following correctly identifies a primary organ of the immune system?
Which component is part of the innate immune system's humoral factors?
Which component is part of the innate immune system's humoral factors?
T lymphocytes are responsible for which immune process?
T lymphocytes are responsible for which immune process?
Which of the following describes a function of macrophages in the immune system?
Which of the following describes a function of macrophages in the immune system?
Which complement pathway is activated by immune complexes?
Which complement pathway is activated by immune complexes?
What is a primary function of cytokines in the immune system?
What is a primary function of cytokines in the immune system?
What role does histamine play during inflammation?
What role does histamine play during inflammation?
What characterizes the alternative pathway of complement activation?
What characterizes the alternative pathway of complement activation?
Which of the following is NOT a role of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a role of inflammation?
How does the complement system contribute to phagocytosis?
How does the complement system contribute to phagocytosis?
What is a primary producer of cytokines in the immune response?
What is a primary producer of cytokines in the immune response?
The term 'self-amplification' in the context of complement activation refers to what?
The term 'self-amplification' in the context of complement activation refers to what?
Flashcards
What is immunology?
What is immunology?
The study of the body's defense mechanisms against disease-causing organisms and foreign substances. It explores how the immune system recognizes, targets, and eliminates threats.
Innate Immunity
Innate Immunity
A rapid, non-specific response that provides immediate protection against pathogens. It's the first line of defense, acting without prior exposure to the specific pathogen.
Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
A slower, highly specific response that develops after exposure to a particular pathogen. It remembers the pathogen and mounts a more efficient attack in future encounters.
Bone marrow: the immune cell factory
Bone marrow: the immune cell factory
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B cells: Antibody producers
B cells: Antibody producers
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T cells: Antigen specialists
T cells: Antigen specialists
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Thymus: T cell training ground
Thymus: T cell training ground
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Spleen: Blood filter and immune hub
Spleen: Blood filter and immune hub
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Classical Pathway
Classical Pathway
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Alternative Pathway
Alternative Pathway
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Lectin Pathway
Lectin Pathway
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Complement System
Complement System
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Cytokine
Cytokine
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Inflammation
Inflammation
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Phagocytes
Phagocytes
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Mast cells
Mast cells
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T cells
T cells
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Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
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Clonal Expansion
Clonal Expansion
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Antibody-Mediated Immunity
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity
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Secondary Immune Response
Secondary Immune Response
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B cells
B cells
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Study Notes
Immunology 1 Module
- This module is part of Biomedical Sciences
- Presented by: Ms Panayiota Lazarou
- Assessment:
- Formative Consolidation session
- Summative eAssessment (Biomedical sciences)
- Aim:
- Apply dental therapy and hygiene principles derived from biomedical, behavioural and materials sciences
- Develop knowledge in immunology (GDC 1.1)
- Prerequisites: Complete preparatory work (Introduction to Immunology) from the asynchronous session.
- Intended Learning Outcomes:
- Consolidate learning from the asynchronous introduction to immunology session
- Identify organs and tissues of the immune system
- Discuss the origins and functions of immune system cells
- Detail the processes and functions of non-specific and adaptive immune systems
- Topics for Consolidation of Learning:
- What is immunology?
- Characteristics and differences of innate and adaptive immunity
- Immune cell origins, types and functions
- Non-specific barriers
Primary Components of the Immune System
- Bone Marrow: All immune cells originate here
- B lymphocytes mature within the bone marrow
- T lymphocytes travel to the thymus for maturation
- Thymus: Location of T cell maturation
- Organs and tissues of the immune system:
- Tonsils
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Bowel
- Bone marrow
- Skin
- Mucous membranes (nose, throat, bladder, genitals).
Secondary Components of the Immune System
- Secondary components diagram (showing organs and tissues like on Slide 10)
Cells of the Immune System
- Blood Cells:
- Monocyte
- Lymphocyte
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
- Macrophage
- Erythrocyte (red blood cell)
- Platelets
- Blood stem cell: Myeloid stem cell and lymphoid stem cells
- Granulocytes (eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil)
- B lymphocyte
- Natural killer cell
- T lymphocyte
- Diagram of immune system cell development (showing blood stem cells differentiating into various immune cells like on Slide 12)
- Images of different immune cells (like on slide 13)
Innate Immune System
- Non-specific immune system (innate) barriers
- Skin (fatty acids affect pH)
- Mucous membranes (mucous, cilia, lysozyme)
- Temperature
- pH
- Chemical mediators
- Immune response (inflammation)
Humoral Factors of the Innate Immune System
- Complement system: complex enzyme group in the blood
- Classical pathway: activated by immune complexes
- Alternative pathway: activated by bacterial cell wall structures
- Lectin pathway: activated by bacterial cell wall structures
- Complement system activation diagram (showing pathways and effects like on Slide 17)
- Cytokines: glycoproteins that impact immune system activity (produced by helper T cells and macrophages)
Inflammation
- Brings phagocytes to injured areas to:
- Isolate, destroy pathogens
- Remove debris
- Prevent infection spread
- Prepare for healing
- Recruit effector cells
- Mobilize effector cells (T and B lymphocytes)
- Diagram illustrating inflammation and its effects on the body (like on Slide 20)
- Bacterial invasion/tissue damage triggers the release of histamine, increasing capillary permeability and leading to redness, heat, swelling, pain (local fluid accumulation in diagram).
- Increased number of phagocytes to tissue, triggering systemic responses (e.g. fever).
Adaptive Immunity
- Activated when innate immunity is ineffective.
- Specific to pathogen presented
- Generation of pathogen-specific immunologic pathways
- Development of immunological memory
- T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs):
- Attack non-self pathogens, with the risk of attacking self-components (autoimmune disease)
- Clonal expansion of T and B lymphocytes
- T cells activated through the action of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (e.g., macrophages).
- Process of primary immune response: Interactions of macrophages & T cells, B cell activation.
- T cell differentiation and function: Class I and class II MHC molecules, cytotoxic T cells (Tc), and helper T cells (Th)
- B cells and their functions: Differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies
References
- Several URLs for articles and websites related to specific topics were provided.
- Textbook by Robert Ireland (Clinical Textbook of Dental Hygiene and Therapy) was referenced.
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