Immunology 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of adaptive immunity?

To eliminate non-specific pathogens

To develop immunologic memory against pathogens (correct)

To prevent systemic responses like fever

To enhance the action of innate immunity

Which cells are directly involved in the activation of T cells?

Plasma cells

B cells

T suppressor cells

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) (correct)

What can occur if T cells mistakenly attack the body's own cells?

Increased pathogen resistance

Autoimmune diseases (correct)

Non-responsiveness to pathogens

Enhanced immunologic memory

Which statement best describes the role of clonal expansion in immune response?

It generates a large population of pathogen-specific lymphocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of T cells concerning antigen recognition?

They recognize antigens associated with MHC on APCs. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is activated when innate immunity fails to eliminate an infection?

Adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

In adaptive immunity, how does immunologic memory function?

By enabling the immune system to respond more rapidly upon subsequent encounters. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

Adaptive immunity generates a targeted response to specific pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bone marrow in the immune system?

Formation of all immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves mechanisms that do not require prior exposure to pathogens?

Innate immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily involved in the adaptive immune response?

T lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of non-specific barriers in the immune system?

Acts immediately upon pathogen invasion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a primary organ of the immune system?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the innate immune system's humoral factors?

Complement system Signup and view all the answers

T lymphocytes are responsible for which immune process?

Cell-mediated immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a function of macrophages in the immune system?

Phagocytosis of pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which complement pathway is activated by immune complexes?

Classical pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of cytokines in the immune system?

Ramp up or slow down the immune response Signup and view all the answers

What role does histamine play during inflammation?

Increases blood flow and vascular permeability Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the alternative pathway of complement activation?

Activated by bacterial cell wall structures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of inflammation?

Prevent tissue repair Signup and view all the answers

How does the complement system contribute to phagocytosis?

Coating microbes with complement proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary producer of cytokines in the immune response?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

The term 'self-amplification' in the context of complement activation refers to what?

The rapid activation of pathways leading to enhanced immune response Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immunology 1 Module

This module is part of Biomedical Sciences
Presented by: Ms Panayiota Lazarou
Assessment:
- Formative Consolidation session
- Summative eAssessment (Biomedical sciences)
Aim:
- Apply dental therapy and hygiene principles derived from biomedical, behavioural and materials sciences
- Develop knowledge in immunology (GDC 1.1)
- Prerequisites: Complete preparatory work (Introduction to Immunology) from the asynchronous session.
Intended Learning Outcomes:
- Consolidate learning from the asynchronous introduction to immunology session
- Identify organs and tissues of the immune system
- Discuss the origins and functions of immune system cells
- Detail the processes and functions of non-specific and adaptive immune systems
Topics for Consolidation of Learning:
- What is immunology?
- Characteristics and differences of innate and adaptive immunity
- Immune cell origins, types and functions
- Non-specific barriers

Primary Components of the Immune System

Bone Marrow: All immune cells originate here
- B lymphocytes mature within the bone marrow
- T lymphocytes travel to the thymus for maturation
Thymus: Location of T cell maturation
Organs and tissues of the immune system:
- Tonsils
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Bowel
- Bone marrow
- Skin
- Mucous membranes (nose, throat, bladder, genitals).

Secondary Components of the Immune System

Secondary components diagram (showing organs and tissues like on Slide 10)

Cells of the Immune System

Blood Cells:
- Monocyte
- Lymphocyte
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
- Macrophage
- Erythrocyte (red blood cell)
- Platelets
Blood stem cell: Myeloid stem cell and lymphoid stem cells
- Granulocytes (eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil)
- B lymphocyte
- Natural killer cell
- T lymphocyte
Diagram of immune system cell development (showing blood stem cells differentiating into various immune cells like on Slide 12)
Images of different immune cells (like on slide 13)

Innate Immune System

Non-specific immune system (innate) barriers
- Skin (fatty acids affect pH)
- Mucous membranes (mucous, cilia, lysozyme)
- Temperature
- pH
- Chemical mediators
- Immune response (inflammation)

Humoral Factors of the Innate Immune System

Complement system: complex enzyme group in the blood
- Classical pathway: activated by immune complexes
- Alternative pathway: activated by bacterial cell wall structures
- Lectin pathway: activated by bacterial cell wall structures
Complement system activation diagram (showing pathways and effects like on Slide 17)
Cytokines: glycoproteins that impact immune system activity (produced by helper T cells and macrophages)

Inflammation

Brings phagocytes to injured areas to:
- Isolate, destroy pathogens
- Remove debris
- Prevent infection spread
- Prepare for healing
- Recruit effector cells
- Mobilize effector cells (T and B lymphocytes)
Diagram illustrating inflammation and its effects on the body (like on Slide 20)
- Bacterial invasion/tissue damage triggers the release of histamine, increasing capillary permeability and leading to redness, heat, swelling, pain (local fluid accumulation in diagram).
- Increased number of phagocytes to tissue, triggering systemic responses (e.g. fever).

Adaptive Immunity

Activated when innate immunity is ineffective.
Specific to pathogen presented
Generation of pathogen-specific immunologic pathways
Development of immunological memory
T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs):
- Attack non-self pathogens, with the risk of attacking self-components (autoimmune disease)
- Clonal expansion of T and B lymphocytes
- T cells activated through the action of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (e.g., macrophages).
Process of primary immune response: Interactions of macrophages & T cells, B cell activation.
T cell differentiation and function: Class I and class II MHC molecules, cytotoxic T cells (Tc), and helper T cells (Th)
B cells and their functions: Differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies

References

Several URLs for articles and websites related to specific topics were provided.
Textbook by Robert Ireland (Clinical Textbook of Dental Hygiene and Therapy) was referenced.

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