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Questions and Answers
What is required for T cells to recognize antigens?
What is required for T cells to recognize antigens?
What major role do antigen presenting cells (APCs) play in the immune response?
What major role do antigen presenting cells (APCs) play in the immune response?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the production of antibodies?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the production of antibodies?
What describes the primary immune response?
What describes the primary immune response?
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During T cell activation, what is the first step that takes place?
During T cell activation, what is the first step that takes place?
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What is the primary function of bone marrow in the immune system?
What is the primary function of bone marrow in the immune system?
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Which of the following statements about T lymphocytes is true?
Which of the following statements about T lymphocytes is true?
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Which component of the immune system is responsible for filtering blood and storing platelets?
Which component of the immune system is responsible for filtering blood and storing platelets?
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Which type of immunity is characterized by immediate response and non-specific barriers?
Which type of immunity is characterized by immediate response and non-specific barriers?
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What role do macrophages play in the immune system?
What role do macrophages play in the immune system?
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What is the primary difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
What is the primary difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
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What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune system?
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune system?
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Which immune cells are primarily responsible for producing antibodies?
Which immune cells are primarily responsible for producing antibodies?
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Which component of the immune system is vital for responding to tissue damage?
Which component of the immune system is vital for responding to tissue damage?
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Which of the following white blood cells is responsible for releasing granules during an immune response?
Which of the following white blood cells is responsible for releasing granules during an immune response?
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When examining swollen lymph nodes, what does this indicate about the immune system?
When examining swollen lymph nodes, what does this indicate about the immune system?
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How does the skin contribute to the innate immune system?
How does the skin contribute to the innate immune system?
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Which pathway of the complement system is activated by immune complexes?
Which pathway of the complement system is activated by immune complexes?
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What type of immune response is characterized as non-specific?
What type of immune response is characterized as non-specific?
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Which immune cells are directly involved in recognizing and eliminating infected or cancerous cells?
Which immune cells are directly involved in recognizing and eliminating infected or cancerous cells?
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What is the primary function of macrophages in the immune system?
What is the primary function of macrophages in the immune system?
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What role do complement proteins serve in the immune response?
What role do complement proteins serve in the immune response?
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Which term describes the self-amplification process of the complement system?
Which term describes the self-amplification process of the complement system?
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Cytokines are primarily produced by which cells?
Cytokines are primarily produced by which cells?
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What is one of the key functions of inflammation in the immune response?
What is one of the key functions of inflammation in the immune response?
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Adaptive immunity is also known as what?
Adaptive immunity is also known as what?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of adaptive immunity?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of adaptive immunity?
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What can occur if T cells mistakenly attack the body's own cells?
What can occur if T cells mistakenly attack the body's own cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of complement proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a function of complement proteins?
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Study Notes
Immunology 1
- Module: Biomedical Sciences
- Lecturer: Ms Panayiota Lazarou
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Assessment:
- Formative: Consolidation session
- Summative: Eassessment (Biomedical sciences)
- Aim: To apply dental therapy and dental hygiene principles derived from biomedical, behavioural, and materials sciences; Develop knowledge in immunology (GDC 1.1)
- Preparatory Work: Introduction to immunology (asynchronous session)
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Intended Learning Outcomes:
- Consolidate learning from the asynchronous session: Introduction to immunology
- Identify organs and tissues of the immune system
- Discuss origins and functions of immune cells
- Detail the processes and functions of non-specific and adaptive immune systems
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Consolidation of Learning:
- Discuss the characteristics and differences of innate and adaptive immunity
- Analyze immune cells in terms of origins, types, and functions
- Evaluate non-specific barriers
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Primary Components of the Immune System:
- Bone marrow (where all immune cells form)
- B lymphocytes mature in bone marrow
- T lymphocytes travel to the thymus to mature
- Thymus (T cells mature)
- Tonsils
- Bowel
- Bone marrow
- Skin
- Mucous membranes (nose, throat, bladder, genitals)
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Bone marrow (where all immune cells form)
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Organs and Tissues of the Immune System:
- Bone marrow: primary lymphoid organ; all blood cells are formed here; B & T Cells come from lymphocytic progenitors
- Thymus: primary lymphoid organ; T cells mature
- Lymph nodes: secondary lymphoid organs; where lymphocytes encounter antigens; swollen lymph nodes indicate active immune response
- Spleen: secondary lymphoid organ filters blood
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Cells of the Immune System:
- Blood Cells: Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Red blood cells (Erythrocytes), Platelets, Macrophages
- Cells Differentiation: Blood Stem Cell --Myeloid stem cell --Myeloblast (granulocytes- Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils), Red blood cell, Platelets; Blood Stem Cell --Lymphoid stem cell --Lymphoblast (B & T cells, Natural Killer cells)
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Immune System Cells (function):
- Macrophages: phagocytosis, antigen presentation
- Neutrophils: phagocytosis, chemotaxis
- Lymphocytes: adaptive immunity
- Eosinophils: parasitic infections
- Basophils: allergy
- B cells: produce antibodies (humoral immunity)
- T cells: cellular immunity (helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells)
- Natural killer cells: innate immunity, cytotoxic
- Innate Immune System: Non-specific barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes), temperature, pH, chemical mediators, immune response, inflammation
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Humoral Factors of the Innate Immune System:
- Complement system: a group of proteins in the blood
- Classical pathway: activated by immune complexes
- Alternative pathway: activated by bacterial cell wall structures
- Lectin pathway: activated by bacterial cell wall structures
- Cytokines: signalling proteins that influence immune response produced by helper T cells and macrophages (examples include interleukins, interferons, lymphokines, monokines, tumor necrosis factor, CSF)
- Complement system: a group of proteins in the blood
- Inflammation: Recruiting phagocytes to the injured area for pathogen isolation, destruction, and removal of debris
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Adaptive Immunity:
- Activated when the innate immune system is insufficient
- Specific to pathogens and pathogens cells
- Develops immunological memory
- T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
- Clone expansion of T and B lymphocytes
- Development of a specific immunological memory which eliminates a specific pathogen should infection occur
- Antigen presenting cells function to develop T cells (e.g macrophages)
- T-cells: Recognize antigens associated with MHC on APC cell surfaces. Mature in the thymus - Helper T cells (CD4+): activate B cells and other immune cells - Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+): kill infected cells
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B lymphocytes: Produce antibodies to fight foreign antigens. Mature in bone marrow
- Plasma cells: produce antibodies
- Memory B cells: enable rapid response to subsequent infections
Immunology 2
- Study Assignment: Read and make notes on pages 5-8 from the article "Antibody-mediated vs cell-mediate immunity" by Warrington et al. (20 mins).
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Description
This quiz focuses on the foundational concepts of immunology as part of the Biomedical Sciences module. It evaluates your understanding of the immune system's organs and tissues, the origins and functions of immune cells, and the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Prepare to consolidate your learning from the Introduction to Immunology session.
