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Questions and Answers
What is the primary site where all immune cells originate?
What is the primary site where all immune cells originate?
Which immune cells mature in the bone marrow?
Which immune cells mature in the bone marrow?
Where do T lymphocytes travel to for maturation?
Where do T lymphocytes travel to for maturation?
What type of immunity includes the body’s immediate, non-specific response to pathogens?
What type of immunity includes the body’s immediate, non-specific response to pathogens?
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What primary role do macrophages play in the immune system?
What primary role do macrophages play in the immune system?
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What is the function of swollen lymph nodes in the immune system?
What is the function of swollen lymph nodes in the immune system?
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Which component of the immune system is primarily involved in the filtering of blood?
Which component of the immune system is primarily involved in the filtering of blood?
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Which type of immunity is characterized by memory cells that provide long-lasting protection?
Which type of immunity is characterized by memory cells that provide long-lasting protection?
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What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?
What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the adaptive and innate immune systems?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the adaptive and innate immune systems?
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Which type of cell is primarily involved in the release of histamine?
Which type of cell is primarily involved in the release of histamine?
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What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?
What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?
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Which part of the innate immune system serves as a physical barrier against pathogens?
Which part of the innate immune system serves as a physical barrier against pathogens?
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How does the complement system become activated?
How does the complement system become activated?
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What is the primary function of neutrophils during inflammation?
What is the primary function of neutrophils during inflammation?
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Which innate immune response mechanism affects the pH to inhibit pathogen survival?
Which innate immune response mechanism affects the pH to inhibit pathogen survival?
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What is the distinctive characteristic of PMN in the immune system?
What is the distinctive characteristic of PMN in the immune system?
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Which white blood cell type is primarily involved in the humoral immune response?
Which white blood cell type is primarily involved in the humoral immune response?
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In which layer of defense does inflammation occur?
In which layer of defense does inflammation occur?
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Which pathway of the complement system is NOT activated by bacterial cell wall structures?
Which pathway of the complement system is NOT activated by bacterial cell wall structures?
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What is the primary role of T cells in the immune response?
What is the primary role of T cells in the immune response?
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Which type of cell undergoes clonal expansion during an immune response?
Which type of cell undergoes clonal expansion during an immune response?
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What is a primary function of antigen presenting cells (APCs)?
What is a primary function of antigen presenting cells (APCs)?
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Which type of immunity is primarily mediated by T cells?
Which type of immunity is primarily mediated by T cells?
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What are the end products of B cell activation?
What are the end products of B cell activation?
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During which phase of the immune response do T cells become activated?
During which phase of the immune response do T cells become activated?
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Which cell type is essential for the initial recognition of antigens in the immune response?
Which cell type is essential for the initial recognition of antigens in the immune response?
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What distinguishes memory B cells from plasma cells?
What distinguishes memory B cells from plasma cells?
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What is the significance of MHC molecules in immunology?
What is the significance of MHC molecules in immunology?
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Which statement correctly describes the process of T cell differentiation?
Which statement correctly describes the process of T cell differentiation?
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What is the primary role of complement proteins in the immune response?
What is the primary role of complement proteins in the immune response?
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Which cells are primarily responsible for the production of cytokines?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the production of cytokines?
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What is a distinct feature of adaptive immunity compared to innate immunity?
What is a distinct feature of adaptive immunity compared to innate immunity?
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What is one consequence of the activation of the complement system?
What is one consequence of the activation of the complement system?
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What is the main purpose of inflammation in response to pathogens?
What is the main purpose of inflammation in response to pathogens?
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Which of the following best describes the classical pathway of complement activation?
Which of the following best describes the classical pathway of complement activation?
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What role do antigen presenting cells (APCs) play in adaptive immunity?
What role do antigen presenting cells (APCs) play in adaptive immunity?
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What can result from the improper activation of T cells?
What can result from the improper activation of T cells?
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Which of the following statements about interleukins is true?
Which of the following statements about interleukins is true?
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How does the alternative pathway of complement activation differ from the classical pathway?
How does the alternative pathway of complement activation differ from the classical pathway?
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Study Notes
Immunology 1 Overview
- Module: Biomedical Sciences
- Instructor: Ms Panayiota Lazarou
- Assessment: Formative Consolidation Session, Summative eAssessment (Biomedical Sciences)
- Aim: Apply dental therapy and hygiene principles derived from biomedical, behavioral, and materials sciences. Develop knowledge in immunology (GDC 1.1). Prior to this session, complete preparatory work, including an introduction to immunology in an asynchronous session.
Intended Learning Outcomes
- Consolidate learning from the asynchronous session: Introduction to immunology
- Identify the organs and tissues of the immune system
- Discuss origins and functions of immune system cells
- Detail the processes and functions of non-specific and adaptive immune systems
Consolidation of Learning
- Define immunology
- Discuss and elaborate on innate and adaptive immunity
- Examine immune cell origins, types, and functions
- Analyze non-specific barriers
Components of the Immune System: Primary
- All immune cells originate from bone marrow
- Primary components include bone marrow and thymus
- Bone marrow: All body's immune cells are formed here
- B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow
- T lymphocytes mature in the thymus
Components of the Immune System: Secondary
- Lymph nodes are throughout the body
- Spleen filters blood, stores platelets and white blood cells
- Macrophages break down damaged red blood cells
- Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) are important components
- Peripheral lymphoid organs contain naïve B and T cells, effector cells, and memory cells
Cells of the Immune System
- Blood cells include monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, erythrocytes, and platelets
- Blood stem cells differentiate into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
- Granulocytes are differentiated from myeloid stem cells
- Lymphocytes are differentiated from lymphoid stem cells
Innate Immune System
- Skin fatty acids affect pH, preventing pathogen survival
- Mucous membranes (mucus, cilia, lysozyme) act as barriers
- Temperature and pH inhibit pathogens
- Chemical mediators, immune responses, and inflammation are crucial components
Non-Specific Immune System (Innate) Barriers
- Skin fatty acids affect pH; some pathogens cannot survive
- Mucous membranes with mucus and cilia lining tracts with lysozyme
- Temperature
- pH
- Chemical mediators
- Immune response
- Inflammation (body's response to tissue damage/microbial invasion)
Humoral Factors of the Innate Immune System
- Complement system: Complex enzyme group in the blood
- Classical pathway: Activated by immune complexes
- Alternative pathway: Activated by bacterial cell wall structures
- Lectin pathway: Activated by bacterial cell wall structures
- Cytokines: Glycoproteins that impact the immune system
- Examples: interleukins, interferons, lymphokines, monokines, TNF, CSF
Inflammation
- Bring phagocytes to injured areas to:
- Isolate, destroy, and inactivate pathogen
- Remove debris
- Prevent spread of infection
- Prepare healing
- Recruit effector cells if the innate immune system cannot control infection or repair damage
Adaptive Immunity
- Activated when innate immune system is ineffective
- Specific to pathogen presentation
- Generation of pathogen-specific immunologic effector pathways removes pathogens and infected cells
- Development of immunologic memory eliminates specific pathogens in subsequent infections
T Cells and Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
- Attacks non-self pathogens
- Clonal expansion of T and B lymphocytes
- T cells are activated via antigen-presenting cells (e.g., macrophages)
Overview of Processes Involved in Primary Immune Response
- Pathogen entry
- Macrophage ingestion, pathogen breakdown
- Macrophage presentation of pathogen components to T-lymphocytes
- T-lymphocyte activation, proliferation
- B-lymphocyte activation, proliferation
- Plasma cells produce specific antibodies
- Memory cells provide long-term immunity
T Cells
- T cells recognize antigens associated with MHC on APC cell surfaces
- Differentiate into T-helper cells (CD4+), cytotoxic T cells (CD8+), and regulatory T cells (Treg)
- T-helper cells activate B cells and macrophages
- Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells
B Cells
- Develop in bone marrow, mature in lymphoid follicles
- Express unique antigen-binding receptors (immunoglobulin)
- Recognize free antigens
- Produce antibodies
- Differentiate into short-lived plasma cells and long-lived memory B cells
Immunology 2 Preparation
- Read and take notes on pages 5-8 of the article "Antibody-mediated vs cell-mediated immunity"
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Description
This quiz focuses on the fundamental concepts of immunology as part of the Biomedical Sciences module. It aims to solidify your understanding of the immune system's organs, cells, and processes, including both non-specific and adaptive immunity. Prepare to identify key components and functions of the immune response.
