Immunology Module 1 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which pathway of the complement system is activated by immune complexes?

  • Classical pathway (correct)
  • Lectin pathway
  • Cytokine pathway
  • Alternative pathway

What is the primary function of complement proteins when they bind to microbes?

  • Stimulating antibody production
  • Causing apoptosis
  • Inhibiting cytokine release
  • Promoting phagocytosis (correct)

Which pathway of the complement system does NOT involve bacterial cell wall structures?

  • Alternative pathway
  • Classical pathway (correct)
  • Lectin pathway
  • None of the above

What effect does histamine release have on blood vessels?

<p>Increased vascular permeability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glycoprotein can either enhance or suppress the immune response?

<p>Cytokines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neutrophils in the complement system activation?

<p>Attracted by complement proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the alternative pathway of the complement system get activated?

<p>By bacterial cell wall structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-amplification in the complement system is a characteristic of which pathway?

<p>Classical pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a result of complement system activation?

<p>Histamine inhibition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of both the alternative and lectin pathways?

<p>Both are activated by bacterial cell wall structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of helper T cells in the immune response?

<p>To stimulate and help other immune cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a result of inflammation during an immune response?

<p>Directly eliminating all pathogens immediately (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the increased permeability of capillaries during inflammation?

<p>Release of histamine by mast cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive immunity is primarily activated when?

<p>The innate immunity is ineffective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the nature of adaptive immunity?

<p>It develops immunologic memory against specific pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can result from the immune system's mistakes?

<p>Autoimmune diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the systemic responses during an infection?

<p>Development of fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of T cells in the immune system?

<p>Recognize antigens associated with MHC on APC cell surfaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do phagocytes play in the inflammation process?

<p>They isolate, destroy, and inactivate pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the redness and heat experienced during inflammation?

<p>Increased delivery of blood to the site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily activated by antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

<p>T lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of activating the adaptive immune system?

<p>Development of pathogen-specific effector pathways (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of B lymphocytes during an immune response?

<p>They require activation by T cells to produce antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two types of cells undergo clonal expansion in the immune response?

<p>B cells and T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of memory cells in the immune system?

<p>To ensure long-term immunity against previously encountered antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which immunological process are T cells mainly involved?

<p>Cell-mediated immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is primarily associated with antibody production?

<p>Humoral immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells have the ability to directly destroy infected cells?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

<p>To present antigens to T cells for activation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the differentiation of T cells?

<p>They become specialized into effector and memory T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ where all immune cells are formed?

<p>Bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type matures in the thymus?

<p>T Lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the innate immune system?

<p>Specificity for particular pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do macrophages primarily do in the immune response?

<p>Phagocytize pathogens and debris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures acts as a non-specific barrier in the innate immune system?

<p>Skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the complement system in the innate immune response?

<p>Enzymatic proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following immune cells is involved in the adaptive immune response?

<p>B Cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with the process of inflammation?

<p>Producing antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T Lymphocytes in the immune system?

<p>They directly kill infected cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of adaptive immunity?

<p>Pathogen specificity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Innate Immunity

The body's first line of defense against pathogens, a non-specific immune response that is present from birth.

Adaptive Immunity

The body's second line of defense, a specific immune response that develops after exposure to a pathogen and creates immunological memory.

Immune System Organs (Primary)

Bone marrow and Thymus. Where immune cells originate and mature.

Bone Marrow

Where all immune cells initially develop and mature (with exception of T cells).

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Thymus

Organ where T cells mature.

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Macrophage

A type of immune cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens.

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Neutrophil

A type of white blood cell that is crucial in the inflammatory response, particularly important for engulfing pathogens.

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Non-specific Barriers

Physical and chemical defenses keeping pathogens out, like skin, mucus, and stomach acid.

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Complement System

A group of proteins in blood that aid in destroying pathogens (part of innate immunity).

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B Cell

A type of white blood cell that is part of adaptive immunity, making antibodies.

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Complement Pathways

Three main pathways (classical, alternative, and lectin) that activate the complement system.

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Classical Pathway

This pathway is activated by immune complexes, such as antibody-antigen complexes.

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Alternative Pathway

This pathway is activated by bacterial cell wall structures.

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Lectin Pathway

This pathway is activated by bacterial cell wall structures, particularly by mannose residues.

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Complement System Self-Amplification

The complement system has a rapid self-amplification mechanism, making it very potent in fighting infections.

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Complement Protein Function

Complement proteins attract neutrophils, coat microbes with complement proteins for phagocytosis, and contribute to cell lysis.

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Complement System and Histamine Release

Activation of the complement system leads to release of histamine, increasing blood flow and vascular permeability.

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What are Cytokines?

Cytokines are glycoproteins that regulate the immune system by either boosting or suppressing its activity.

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What are some Examples of Cytokines?

Examples include interleukins (IL), interferons (IFN), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

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How do Cytokines Work?

Cytokines communicate between immune cells, influencing their behavior. They can activate, suppress, or differentiate immune cells.

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Inflammation: Role

A complex process initiated by the innate immune system to isolate, destroy, and remove pathogens, prevent infection spread, prepare for healing, and recruit effector cells.

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What cells initiate inflammation?

Mast cells, a type of innate immune cell, release histamine which triggers the inflammatory response.

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Inflammation: Main Goals

Inflammation's primary goals are to contain and eliminate the pathogen, promote tissue repair, and mobilize adaptive immune cells.

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Adaptive Immunity: Trigger

Adaptive immunity is activated when the innate immune system fails to control an infection.

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Adaptive Immunity: Specificity

Adaptive immunity is specific to a particular pathogen. It generates immune responses specifically targeting that pathogen.

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Adaptive Immunity: Memory

Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory, allowing the rapid elimination of the same pathogen upon re-exposure.

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Adaptive Immunity: Key Players

T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are central players in adaptive immunity, recognizing and attacking specific pathogens.

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Autoimmune Diseases

When the adaptive immune system mistakenly targets the body's own tissues, causing autoimmune diseases.

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Adaptive Immunity: Effector Pathways

Adaptive immunity generates pathogen-specific immune responses, eliminating specific pathogens or infected cells.

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Adaptive Immunity: Goal

The ultimate goal of adaptive immunity is to eliminate specific pathogens and develop long-lasting immunity against them.

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Clonal Expansion

The process where a specific type of immune cell, like a T or B cell, rapidly multiplies to create a large army of identical cells capable of fighting a specific pathogen.

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Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

Immune cells that display pieces of a pathogen (antigens) on their surface to activate other immune cells, like T cells.

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How do T cells recognise antigens?

T cells only recognise antigens when they are presented alongside MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells like macrophages.

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T cell differentiation

T cells mature into different types with specific roles, like helper T cells that activate other immune cells or cytotoxic T cells that directly kill infected cells.

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B cells: function

B cells are responsible for producing antibodies, proteins that bind to and neutralize pathogens.

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Plasma cells

Specialized B cells that produce a large amount of a specific antibody.

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Memory cells

Long-lived B cells that remember a specific pathogen. They can quickly respond if the same pathogen comes back.

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Primary Immune Response

The initial immune response against a new pathogen. It takes a few days to develop and involves the activation and differentiation of T and B cells.

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What is autoimmune disease?

A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

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Examples of autoimmune disease

Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune diseases

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Study Notes

Immunology 1

  • Module: Biomedical Sciences
  • Presenter: Ms Panayiota Lazarou
  • Assessment:
    • Formative: Consolidation session
    • Summative: Eassessment (Biomedical sciences)
  • Aim:
    • Apply dental therapy and dental hygiene principles derived from biomedical, behavioral and materials sciences
    • Develop knowledge of immunology (GDC 1.1)
    • Complete preparatory work (Introduction to immunology) prior to session
  • Intended Learning Outcomes:
    • Consolidate asynchronous session: Introduction to immunology learning
    • Identify organs and tissues of immune system
    • Discuss origins and functions of immune cells
    • Detail the processes and functions of non-specific and adaptive immune systems
  • Consolidation of Learning:
    • Discuss characteristics and differences between innate and adaptive immunity
    • Study immune cells (origins, types, and functions)
    • Review non-specific barriers
  • Components of the Immune System:
    • Primary Components: Tonsils, Thymus, Bowel, Bone Marrow, Skin
    • Secondary Components: Mucous membranes (nose, throat, bladder, genitals), Lymph nodes, Spleen
  • Organs and Tissues of Immune System:
    • Bone marrow: Forms all immune cells
    • B lymphocytes: Mature in bone marrow
    • T lymphocytes: Travel to thymus to mature
  • Cells of Immune System:
    • Blood cells: Monocyte, Lymphocyte, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Macrophage, Erythrocyte, Platelets
    • Blood stem cell → Myeloid stem cell → Myeloblast → Granulocytes (Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil) → Red blood cell, Platelets
    • Blood stem cell → Lymphoid stem cell → Lymphoblast → B lymphocyte, Natural killer cell, T lymphocyte
  • Innate Immune System
  • Non-specific immune system (innate) barriers:
    • Skin fatty acids: Affect pH, restricting pathogens
    • Mucous membranes: Mucous, cilia, lysozyme
    • Temperature
    • pH
    • Chemical mediators
    • Immune response
    • Inflammation: Body's response to tissue/microbial damage
  • Humoral factors of the innate immune system:
    • Complement system: Complex enzyme group (factors 1-9)
      • Classical pathway: Activated by immune complexes
      • Alternative pathway: Activated by bacterial cell wall structures
      • Lectin pathway: Activated by bacterial cell wall structures
  • Activation of Complement System
    • Self-amplification: Rapid activation of complement proteins
    • Histamine release: Increases blood flow and vascular permeability
    • Complement proteins: Attract neutrophils
    • Microbes covered in complement protein: Phagocytosis
    • Cell lysis
  • Humoral factors of the innate immune system (continued):
    • Cytokines: Glycoproteins that impact the immune system (up or down)
      • Main producers: Helper T cells (Th cells), macrophages
  • Inflammation:
    • Bring phagocytes to injured area
      • Isolate, destroy, and inactivate pathogens
      • Remove debris
      • Prevent spread of infection
      • Prepare healing
      • Recruit effector cells: T, B lymphocytes if innate immune system fails to control/repair the tissue
  • Adaptive Immunity
  • Adaptive Immunity (continued):
    • Also known as acquired immunity
    • Activated when innate immunity is ineffective to eliminate infectious agents
    • Specific to pathogen presented
      • Generation of pathogen-specific immunologic pathways
      • Development of immunological memory, eliminating specific pathogens in subsequent infections
  • T Cells and Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs):
    • Attacks non-self pathogens
    • BUT can sometimes make mistakes, causing autoimmune diseases -e.g. Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus
    • Clonal expansion of T and B lymphocytes
    • T cells activated through antigen-presenting cells (APCs) like macrophages
  • Overview of the processes involved in the primary immune response
    • Macrophage adopts pathogen → pathogen broken down → Macrophage presents pathogen parts to T-lymphocyte → T-lymphocyte Activation → B-lymphocyte, activation → Plasma cells produce specific antibodies
  • T Cells: Differentiation and Function
    • T cells only recognize antigen associated with MHC on APC cell surfaces
  • T Cells: Differentiation and Function (continued)
  • B cells
    • FO B cell → T-cell help → Short-lived plasma cells → Apoptosis
    • Affinity selection → T-cell help → Proliferation and mutation → Long-lived plasma cell → Memory B cell

References (not included per instructions, but provided for completeness)

  • Various online sources including researchgate.net, soinc.org, immunology.org, healio.com, and YouTube videos are referenced.
  • Clinical Textbook of Dental Hygiene and Therapy by Robert Ireland.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the principles of immunology in relation to dental therapy and hygiene. This quiz will explore the components of the immune system, including the functions of immune cells and the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Ensure you've completed the introductory materials before attempting this assessment.

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