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Questions and Answers
What activates the classical pathway of the complement system?
What activates the classical pathway of the complement system?
Which of the following pathways is activated by bacterial cell wall structures?
Which of the following pathways is activated by bacterial cell wall structures?
What is a primary function of complement proteins during activation?
What is a primary function of complement proteins during activation?
Which effect does histamine release have during the complement system activation?
Which effect does histamine release have during the complement system activation?
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Cytokines primarily function to:
Cytokines primarily function to:
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What is required for T cells to recognize antigens?
What is required for T cells to recognize antigens?
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Which type of immune cells undergo clonal expansion in response to an antigen?
Which type of immune cells undergo clonal expansion in response to an antigen?
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What is the primary function of antigen presenting cells (APCs)?
What is the primary function of antigen presenting cells (APCs)?
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Which type of immune response involves T cell differentiation?
Which type of immune response involves T cell differentiation?
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Which statement best describes memory cells?
Which statement best describes memory cells?
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What is the primary site for the formation of all immune cells in the body?
What is the primary site for the formation of all immune cells in the body?
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Which of these immune cells remains in the bone marrow to mature?
Which of these immune cells remains in the bone marrow to mature?
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What type of barrier is skin considered in the innate immune system?
What type of barrier is skin considered in the innate immune system?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?
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What is the function of T lymphocytes in the immune system?
What is the function of T lymphocytes in the immune system?
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Which of the following describes the role of neutrophils in the immune response?
Which of the following describes the role of neutrophils in the immune response?
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What process is described as the body's response to tissue damage or microbial invasion?
What process is described as the body's response to tissue damage or microbial invasion?
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Which type of immunity involves the use of antibodies produced by B cells?
Which type of immunity involves the use of antibodies produced by B cells?
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What is one of the primary roles of helper T cells in the immune response?
What is one of the primary roles of helper T cells in the immune response?
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What is a major function of inflammation following tissue damage?
What is a major function of inflammation following tissue damage?
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What leads to increased capillary permeability during inflammation?
What leads to increased capillary permeability during inflammation?
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What characteristic defines adaptive immunity?
What characteristic defines adaptive immunity?
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Which cells are mainly responsible for removing debris and pathogens from infected tissues?
Which cells are mainly responsible for removing debris and pathogens from infected tissues?
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An autoimmune disease occurs when:
An autoimmune disease occurs when:
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What systemic response might occur due to a significant infection?
What systemic response might occur due to a significant infection?
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Which type of cells primarily attacks non-self pathogens?
Which type of cells primarily attacks non-self pathogens?
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Study Notes
Immunology 1
- Module: Biomedical Sciences
- Lecturer: Ms Panayiota Lazarou
-
Assessment:
- Formative: Consolidation session
- Summative: Eassessment (Biomedical sciences)
-
Aim:
- Apply dental therapy and dental hygiene principles derived from biomedical, behavioural and materials sciences
- Develop knowledge in immunology (GDC 1.1)
- Complete preparatory work (Introduction to immunology) beforehand
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Intended Learning Outcomes:
- Consolidate learning from the asynchronous session (Introduction to immunology)
- Identify organs and tissues of the immune system
- Discuss origins and functions of immune system cells
- Detail the processes and functions of non-specific and adaptive immune systems
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Consolidation of Learning:
- Understand immunology
- Discuss and elaborate on innate and adaptive immunity characteristics
- Understand immune cell origins, types and functions
- Understand non-specific barriers
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Primary Components of Immune System:
- Tonsils
- Thymus
- Bowel
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Bone marrow
- Skin -Mucous membranes (nose, throat, bladder, genitals)
Organs and Tissues of the Immune System (Primary Components)
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Bone Marrow: Forms all immune cells
- B lymphocytes mature in bone marrow
- T lymphocytes travel to the thymus
- Thymus: Processes lymphocyte precursors to become T cells
- Lymphocyte Progenitors: Arise in bone marrow, Pre-B cells mature in bone marrow, Pre-T cells mature in the thymus
Cells of the Immune System
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Blood Cells:
- Monocyte
- Lymphocyte
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
- Macrophage
- Erythrocyte
- Platelets
- Blood Stem Cell: Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells, which differentiated into granulocytes (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), erythrocytes, and platelets.
Cells of the Immune System
- Macrophage/Neutrophil/B Cell/Basophil/T Lymphocyte/Natural Killer Cell: Detailed images of each cell type.
Innate Immune System
-
Non-specific immune system (innate barriers):
- Skin fatty acids affect pH preventing certain pathogens
- Mucous membranes and cilia lining of tracts - lysozyme
- Temperature
- pH
- Chemical mediators
- Inflammation (body's response to tissue damage/microbial invasion)
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Humoral factors of the innate immune system:
- Complement system: A complex group of proteins in the blood (factors 1-9)
- Classical pathway triggered by immune complexes
- Alternative pathway triggered by bacterial cell wall structures
- Lectin pathway activated by bacterial cell wall structures
- Cytokines: Glycoproteins that impact the immune system (e.g., ramping up or slowing it down). Produced by helper T cells (Th cells) and macrophages.
- Complement system: A complex group of proteins in the blood (factors 1-9)
Inflammation
- Inflammation brings phagocytes to the injured area to:
- Isolate, destroy, and inactivate the pathogen
- Remove debris
- Prevent spread of infection
- Prepare healing
- Recruit effector cells if innate immune cells cannot control the infection or repair tissue damage
- Mobilize effector cells (T and B lymphocytes)
Adaptive Immunity
- Activated when innate immunity is ineffective in eliminating infectious agents
- Specific to pathogen presented
- Generates pathogen-specific immunologic pathways, eliminating pathogens/infected cells
- Develops immunologic memory, eliminating specific pathogens in subsequent infections
- T Cell and Antigen presenting cells (APCs): Attacks non-self pathogens. Mistakes can happen (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus)
- T cells activated through antigen presenting cells (e.g., macrophages): Cells involved in the primary immune response.
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T Cells differentiation and function:
- Class I and Class II MHC molecules
- Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
- Helper T cells (TH)
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B cells: Involved in antibody-mediated immunity
- Antibody production
- Overview of processes involved in the primary immune response: Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, activation of T and B cells, antibody production, and memory cell formation.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of immunology as part of the Biomedical Sciences module. Students will assess their understanding of immune system organs, cells, and the differences between non-specific and adaptive immunity. It is aimed at consolidating knowledge from earlier sessions and applying that to dental therapy and hygiene principles.
