Immunology 1 DTH24 SC PDF

Immunology 1 Ms Panayiota Lazarou Module: Biomedical Sciences Assessment Formative Summative Consolidation session Eassessment (Biomedical sciences) Aim The aim of this subject is to apply to the practice of dental therapy and de...

Immunology 1 Ms Panayiota Lazarou Module: Biomedical Sciences Assessment Formative Summative Consolidation session Eassessment (Biomedical sciences) Aim The aim of this subject is to apply to the practice of dental therapy and dental hygiene principles that derive from the biomedical, behavioural and materials sciences. To develop knowledge in the study of immunology. GDC 1.1 Prior to this session, you should have completed the preparatory work as defined in the asynchronous session: Introduction to immunology  Immunology 1 Intended Learning outcomes: Immunology 1 Consolidate learning from asynchronous session: Introduction to immunology Identify the organs and tissues of the immune system Discuss origins and functions of cells of the immune system Detail the processes and functions of the non-specific and adaptive immune systems  Consolidation of learning What is immunology? Discuss and elaborate on the characteristics and differences of: Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Immune Cells- origins, types and functions Non-specific barriers Components of the immune system: Primary https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/learn-immuno-oncology/the-immune-system/components-of-the-immune-system Organs and tissues of the immune system: Primary components Bone marrow- all of the body’s immune cells are formed here  B lymphocytes/cells remain in the bone marrow to mature  T lymphocytes/cells travel to the thymus Organs and tissues of the immune system: Primary components cont… Organs and tissues of the immune system: Primary components cont… Components of the immune system: Secondary https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/learn-immuno-oncology/the-immune-system/components-of-the-immune-system Cells of the immune system Cells of the immune system Cells of the immune system Macrophage Neutrophil B Cell Basophil T Lymphocyte Natural Killer Cell Innate Immune System Non-specific immune system (innate) barriers Skin-fatty acids- affect pH- some pathogens cannot survive Mucous membrane-mucous, cilia lining tracts lysozyme Temperature pH Chemical mediators Immune response Inflammation- bodies' response to tissue damage/microbial invasion  Humoral factors of the innate immune system Complement system: Complex enzyme group in the blood. (Complement factors 1-9) The classical pathway: activated by immune complexes. The alternative pathway: activated by bacterial cell wall structures. The lectin pathway: activated by bacterial cell wall structures. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ACTIVATION  Activation Of Complement System  Histamine Release = Increased blood flow and vascular permeability  Complement protein = attract neutrophils  Classical Self-amplification-rapid  Microbes covered in Complement protein =  Alternative activation of complement phagocytosis  Lectin proteins  Cell lysis Activation Of Complement System Immunology [HD Animation ] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdVhrf1V0F4 Humoral factors of the innate immune system cont… Cytokines -type of glycoprotein that impacts the immune system by either ramping it up or slowing it down. Examples? Main producers: helper T cells (Th cells) and macrophages Inflammation- bring phagocytes to the injured area to:  Isolate, destroy and inactivate the pathogen  Remove debris  Prevent spread of infection  Prepare healing  Recruit effector cells if the immune cells of the innate immune system cannot control infection or repair damaged tissue  Mobilize effector cells (T and B lymphocytes)  Bacterial invasion/tissue damage Release of histamine by MAST cells Increases capillary Increased delivery of permeability locally blood to site redness heat Local fluid pain swelling accumulation Increase in phagocytes to Phagocytic the tissues secretions Increase in vital plasma proteins e.g. clotting Defence against Systemic responses factors to prevent e.g. Fever pathogen Adaptive Immunity Adaptive Immunity Also known as? Activated when innate immunity is ineffective in eliminating infectious agents and infection becomes established Specific to pathogen presented Generation of pathogen-specific immunologic effector pathways thus eliminating specific pathogens/pathogen-infected cells Development of an immunologic memory which eliminates a specific pathogen when subsequent infections occur  Adaptive Immunity cont… T Cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) Attacks non-self pathogens …. BUT.. sometimes can make mistakes and attacks itself. Autoimmune diseases can occur e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus Clonal expansion of T and B lymphocytes T cells activated through action of antigen presenting cells (APCs) e.g macrophages The Immune Response HD Animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AucZlvEv29Y&feature=emb_logo Overview of the processes involved in the primary immune response  T Cells: differentiation and function T Cells only recognise antigen associated with MHC on APC cell surfaces T-Cells differentiation and function cont... B cells B-cell, Plasma and Memory cell Animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnXxU5XAVWU  references An introduction to immunology and immunopathology https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51875109_An_introduction_to_immunology_and_immu nopathology www.soinc.org https://www.soinc.org/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/2018_IMMUNE_SYSTEM_HANDOUT.pdf British Society for Immunology https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/special-topics/what-is-immun ology The immune system, Healio.com https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/learn-immuno-oncology/the-immune-system/overvie w-key-objectives Clinical Textbook of Dental Hygiene and Therapy Edited by Robert Ireland  Immunology 2 Prior to this session: 2. Read and make own notes on the following article, pages 5-8 from Antibody-mediated vs cell-mediate immunity: (20 mins) An introduction to immunology and immunopathology Richard Warrington1*, Wade Watson2 , Harold L Kim3,4, Francesca Romana Antonetti5