42 Questions
What is the main function of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL)?
To recognize and kill infected cells
What is a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
They have a natural killer instinct and do not need previous exposure to antigen
What is the function of Regulatory T-Lymphocyte?
To suppress immune response
What is a characteristic of MHC molecules?
They are polygenic and polymorphic
What is a characteristic of Ig/TCR diversity?
Every B or T-cell expresses a different antigen recognition molecule
What is the main difference between MHC diversity and Ig/TCR diversity?
MHC diversity is polygenic and polymorphic, while Ig/TCR diversity is not
What is the role of antigen recognition molecules?
To recognize and respond to antigens
What is the life history of lymphocytes characterized by?
Multiple stages of maturation
What is the shape of the globulin Ig molecule?
Y-shaped
What is the common feature of all immunoglobulins?
They all have a specific domain fold
What is the purpose of fusing spleen cells with myeloma cells?
To create hybridomas
What is the medium used to culture hybridomas?
HAT medium
What is the source of monoclonal antibodies?
Mouse spleen cells
What is the challenge presented to the mouse in the process of harvesting monoclonal antibodies?
An antigen
What is a common feature of some drugs composed of monoclonal antibodies?
They have elements in their names
What is the purpose of monoclonal antibodies?
To have a wide variety of uses in diagnostics and therapeutics
What is the characteristic of a hapten?
It can be bound by immunologic receptors but cannot elicit an immune response by itself
What is an example of a tolerogen?
Antibiotics
What is the characteristic of a linear epitope?
Recognized by B cells and T cells
What is hydrops fetalis?
Swollen fetus due to large amounts of fluid buildup
What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
Exhibits cystic hygroma at the area of the neck
What is an example of an extended surface epitope?
Lysosome
What is the characteristic of conformational epitopes?
Created from amino acid residues located in different parts of the polypeptide chain
Where do some haptens bind?
In a crevice or pocket
Which immunoglobulin triggers allergic reactions?
IgE
What is the structure of IgM?
Pentameric
What is the function of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)?
Transmembrane proteins localized at the plasma membrane
What is the function of Neutrophils?
Phagocytic activity and degranulation
What type of epitopes do T cells recognize?
Linear epitopes only
Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
IgG
What is the function of NLRs (Nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors)?
Forming inflammasomes
Which immune element functions in both innate and adaptive immunity?
Macrophage
What is the function of RLRs (Retinoid acid inducible gene-I like receptors)?
Recognition of viral RNA
What is the function of the T-cell receptor?
Recognition of antigen and MHC
What is the result of antigenic drift in the virus?
A partial change in the hemagglutinin molecule, making existing antibodies partially effective
What is the main function of mRNA in the COVID-19 vaccine?
To tell cells to make proteins similar to those on the virus
What is the characteristic of innate immunity?
It is non-specific and does not exhibit memory
What is the result of antigenic shift in the virus?
A complete change in the hemagglutinin molecule, making existing antibodies ineffective
What type of vaccine uses a harmless piece of protein from the COVID-19 virus?
Protein subunit vaccine
What is the function of the vector in a vector vaccine?
To deliver material that tells cells to make proteins
What is the main difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift?
Antigenic drift results in a partial change in the hemagglutinin molecule, while antigenic shift results in a complete change
What is the role of phagocytes in innate immunity?
To mediate early reaction to microbial invasion
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