Biochemistry LE 1: Immunology

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What is the main function of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL)?

To suppress immune response

To recognize and kill infected cells (correct)

To promote immune response

To differentiate into various cell types

What is a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

They have a natural killer instinct and do not need previous exposure to antigen (correct)

They are involved in adaptive immunity

They are responsible for suppressing immune response

They require previous exposure to antigen to function

What is the function of Regulatory T-Lymphocyte?

To recognize and kill infected cells

To promote immune response

To differentiate into various cell types

To suppress immune response (correct)

What is a characteristic of MHC molecules?

They are polygenic and polymorphic Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Ig/TCR diversity?

Every B or T-cell expresses a different antigen recognition molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between MHC diversity and Ig/TCR diversity?

MHC diversity is polygenic and polymorphic, while Ig/TCR diversity is not Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antigen recognition molecules?

To recognize and respond to antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the life history of lymphocytes characterized by?

Multiple stages of maturation Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the globulin Ig molecule?

Y-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature of all immunoglobulins?

They all have a specific domain fold Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fusing spleen cells with myeloma cells?

To create hybridomas Signup and view all the answers

What is the medium used to culture hybridomas?

HAT medium Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of monoclonal antibodies?

Mouse spleen cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the challenge presented to the mouse in the process of harvesting monoclonal antibodies?

An antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of some drugs composed of monoclonal antibodies?

They have elements in their names Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of monoclonal antibodies?

To have a wide variety of uses in diagnostics and therapeutics Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a hapten?

It can be bound by immunologic receptors but cannot elicit an immune response by itself Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a tolerogen?

Antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a linear epitope?

Recognized by B cells and T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrops fetalis?

Swollen fetus due to large amounts of fluid buildup Signup and view all the answers

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

Exhibits cystic hygroma at the area of the neck Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an extended surface epitope?

Lysosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of conformational epitopes?

Created from amino acid residues located in different parts of the polypeptide chain Signup and view all the answers

Where do some haptens bind?

In a crevice or pocket Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin triggers allergic reactions?

IgE Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of IgM?

Pentameric Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)?

Transmembrane proteins localized at the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Neutrophils?

Phagocytic activity and degranulation Signup and view all the answers

What type of epitopes do T cells recognize?

Linear epitopes only Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?

IgG Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of NLRs (Nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors)?

Forming inflammasomes Signup and view all the answers

Which immune element functions in both innate and adaptive immunity?

Macrophage Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of RLRs (Retinoid acid inducible gene-I like receptors)?

Recognition of viral RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the T-cell receptor?

Recognition of antigen and MHC Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of antigenic drift in the virus?

A partial change in the hemagglutinin molecule, making existing antibodies partially effective Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of mRNA in the COVID-19 vaccine?

To tell cells to make proteins similar to those on the virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of innate immunity?

It is non-specific and does not exhibit memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of antigenic shift in the virus?

A complete change in the hemagglutinin molecule, making existing antibodies ineffective Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine uses a harmless piece of protein from the COVID-19 virus?

Protein subunit vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vector in a vector vaccine?

To deliver material that tells cells to make proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift?

Antigenic drift results in a partial change in the hemagglutinin molecule, while antigenic shift results in a complete change Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phagocytes in innate immunity?

To mediate early reaction to microbial invasion Signup and view all the answers