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Questions and Answers
Which cells help tailor the immune response in the adaptive system?
Which cells help tailor the immune response in the adaptive system?
What is the main function of Th1 cells?
What is the main function of Th1 cells?
Which cells recognize and kill infected or cancer cells?
Which cells recognize and kill infected or cancer cells?
What is the role of Th2 cells in the immune response?
What is the role of Th2 cells in the immune response?
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Which cells monitor and inhibit the activity of other T cells?
Which cells monitor and inhibit the activity of other T cells?
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Which of the following is NOT involved in the adaptive immune response?
Which of the following is NOT involved in the adaptive immune response?
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What type of immunity does the body rely on to respond to a cut on Mrs. Smith's cat Simon?
What type of immunity does the body rely on to respond to a cut on Mrs. Smith's cat Simon?
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Which component of the immune system is currently taking effect in a ferret infected five days ago?
Which component of the immune system is currently taking effect in a ferret infected five days ago?
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When a phagocyte ingests and degrades a B cell, what type of immunity is being demonstrated?
When a phagocyte ingests and degrades a B cell, what type of immunity is being demonstrated?
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Which type of immunity is characterized by a slow response but never forgets a pathogen it has encountered?
Which type of immunity is characterized by a slow response but never forgets a pathogen it has encountered?
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What is the function of the complement system in the immune response?
What is the function of the complement system in the immune response?
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Which type of immunity is always ready and reacts the same way every time?
Which type of immunity is always ready and reacts the same way every time?
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What is the common origin of all immune cells?
What is the common origin of all immune cells?
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What type of progenitor cell do Natural Killer (NK) cells share with T and B cells?
What type of progenitor cell do Natural Killer (NK) cells share with T and B cells?
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What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?
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Which immune cell is responsible for defence against parasites and inflammation?
Which immune cell is responsible for defence against parasites and inflammation?
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Which immune cell has a segmented nucleus and neutrally staining granules?
Which immune cell has a segmented nucleus and neutrally staining granules?
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What is the process by which basophils and eosinophils release their granules?
What is the process by which basophils and eosinophils release their granules?
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Which type of immune cells are known as 'big eaters' and function as sentinel cells?
Which type of immune cells are known as 'big eaters' and function as sentinel cells?
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Which type of immune cell is responsible for mediating allergic reactions by releasing histamine?
Which type of immune cell is responsible for mediating allergic reactions by releasing histamine?
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Which type of immune cell differentiates in the bone marrow by myeloid or lymphoid progenitors and matures in either the bone marrow, lymphoid, or non-lymphoid tissues?
Which type of immune cell differentiates in the bone marrow by myeloid or lymphoid progenitors and matures in either the bone marrow, lymphoid, or non-lymphoid tissues?
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Which type of immune cells is responsible for recognizing and killing virus-infected cells or tumor cells non-specifically?
Which type of immune cells is responsible for recognizing and killing virus-infected cells or tumor cells non-specifically?
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Which type of immune cells are involved in local allergic reactions and defence against parasites?
Which type of immune cells are involved in local allergic reactions and defence against parasites?
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Which type of immune cells are the professional antigen presenting cells that activate T cells in lymph nodes?
Which type of immune cells are the professional antigen presenting cells that activate T cells in lymph nodes?
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Which of the following is a primary organ in a cat?
Which of the following is a primary organ in a cat?
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Which type of immune cells undergo negative selection in the thymus?
Which type of immune cells undergo negative selection in the thymus?
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Which of the following cell communication mechanisms releases ligands into the blood?
Which of the following cell communication mechanisms releases ligands into the blood?
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Which receptor is only found on adaptive immune cells?
Which receptor is only found on adaptive immune cells?
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Which of the following is an encapsulated secondary lymphoid organ?
Which of the following is an encapsulated secondary lymphoid organ?
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Which of the following organs undergoes involution over time?
Which of the following organs undergoes involution over time?
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Which of the following cells are responsible for the storage and recycling of iron?
Which of the following cells are responsible for the storage and recycling of iron?
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Which of the following cells are responsible for the filtration of lymph in lymph nodes?
Which of the following cells are responsible for the filtration of lymph in lymph nodes?
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Which of the following is a function of M cells?
Which of the following is a function of M cells?
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Which of the following is not a function of the spleen?
Which of the following is not a function of the spleen?
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Which cells recognize and kill virus-infected cells or tumor cells non-specifically?
Which cells recognize and kill virus-infected cells or tumor cells non-specifically?
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Which immune cells are responsible for mediating allergic reactions by releasing histamine?
Which immune cells are responsible for mediating allergic reactions by releasing histamine?
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What is the function of connective tissue mast cells in the immune system?
What is the function of connective tissue mast cells in the immune system?
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Which immune cells housekeep dead cells of the body?
Which immune cells housekeep dead cells of the body?
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Which immune cells induce apoptosis by releasing granules?
Which immune cells induce apoptosis by releasing granules?
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What is the main function of dendritic cells in the immune system?
What is the main function of dendritic cells in the immune system?
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Which T cell subset helps coordinate the immune response against extracellular pathogens by activating B cells, granulocytes, and mast cells?
Which T cell subset helps coordinate the immune response against extracellular pathogens by activating B cells, granulocytes, and mast cells?
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Which type of cell acts as a professional antigen-presenting cell to activate T cells in lymph nodes?
Which type of cell acts as a professional antigen-presenting cell to activate T cells in lymph nodes?
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Which type of immune cell undergoes negative selection in the thymus during its development?
Which type of immune cell undergoes negative selection in the thymus during its development?
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Which T cell subset monitors and inhibits the activity of other T cells to maintain immune tolerance?
Which T cell subset monitors and inhibits the activity of other T cells to maintain immune tolerance?
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Which type of immune cell is responsible for recognizing and killing infected or cancer cells via cytotoxic granules?
Which type of immune cell is responsible for recognizing and killing infected or cancer cells via cytotoxic granules?
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Which T cell subset mediates the response of other immune cells against intracellular pathogens?
Which T cell subset mediates the response of other immune cells against intracellular pathogens?
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Where are lymphoid cells first produced?
Where are lymphoid cells first produced?
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Which receptor is found only on adaptive immune cells?
Which receptor is found only on adaptive immune cells?
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Where do B lymphocytes develop in birds?
Where do B lymphocytes develop in birds?
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Which secondary organ functions to filter lymph and facilitate interactions between dendritic cells and lymphocytes?
Which secondary organ functions to filter lymph and facilitate interactions between dendritic cells and lymphocytes?
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Which type of immunity responds slowly but has memory against encountered pathogens?
Which type of immunity responds slowly but has memory against encountered pathogens?
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Where are M cells primarily found in the immune system?
Where are M cells primarily found in the immune system?
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Which organ undergoes involution over time and is responsible for B lymphocyte maturation?
Which organ undergoes involution over time and is responsible for B lymphocyte maturation?
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Which type of immune cell is responsible for recognizing and killing virus-infected cells or tumor cells non-specifically?
Which type of immune cell is responsible for recognizing and killing virus-infected cells or tumor cells non-specifically?
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Which of the following cells does NOT play a role in fighting parasitic infections?
Which of the following cells does NOT play a role in fighting parasitic infections?
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Which process is NOT a role of macrophages?
Which process is NOT a role of macrophages?
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What does neutrophilia indicate in Molly, the golden retriever, based on her bloodwork results?
What does neutrophilia indicate in Molly, the golden retriever, based on her bloodwork results?
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Which immune cell has a segmented nucleus and neutrally staining granules?
Which immune cell has a segmented nucleus and neutrally staining granules?
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Which type of immune cells are responsible for the filtration of lymph in lymph nodes?
Which type of immune cells are responsible for the filtration of lymph in lymph nodes?
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What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?
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Which immune cell has a segmented nucleus and neutrally staining granules?
Which immune cell has a segmented nucleus and neutrally staining granules?
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Which of the following cells are responsible for the filtration of lymph in lymph nodes?
Which of the following cells are responsible for the filtration of lymph in lymph nodes?
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What is the main function of Th1 cells?
What is the main function of Th1 cells?
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Which type of immune cell is responsible for mediating allergic reactions by releasing histamine?
Which type of immune cell is responsible for mediating allergic reactions by releasing histamine?
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What type of progenitor cell do Natural Killer (NK) cells share with T and B cells?
What type of progenitor cell do Natural Killer (NK) cells share with T and B cells?
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Study Notes
Immune System Cells and Functions
- Adaptive immune response is tailored by helper T cells (Th cells).
- Th1 cells primarily facilitate the response to intracellular pathogens by producing cytokines that activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.
- Cytotoxic T cells recognize and eliminate virus-infected cells and cancer cells through the release of perforin and granzymes.
- Th2 cells support the immune response against extracellular parasites by activating B cells and promoting antibody production.
- Regulatory T cells (Tregs) monitor and inhibit the activity of other T cells to maintain immune tolerance.
Immune Response Mechanisms
- The body relies on innate immunity to respond to a cut or injury.
- A ferret infected five days ago would experience the effects of the adaptive immune response as it typically takes longer to develop.
- When a phagocyte degrades a B cell, humoral immunity is being demonstrated.
- Adaptive immunity is characterized by a slow response but retains memory against previously encountered pathogens.
- The complement system enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism.
Characteristics of Immune Cells
- Innate immunity is always ready and presents a consistent response to pathogens.
- All immune cells originate from hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
- Natural Killer (NK) cells share a common progenitor pool with T and B cells, deriving from the lymphoid lineage.
- Neutrophils primarily function to engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis and the release of enzymes.
- Eosinophils are key in combating parasites and mediating inflammation.
- Basophils have granules and are involved in allergic reactions by releasing histamine.
Immune Cell Processes and Functions
- Macrophages, known as "big eaters," act as sentinel cells, recognizing and engulfing pathogens.
- The degranulation process of basophils and eosinophils releases histamines and other mediators to promote inflammation.
- Dendritic cells function as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), activating T cells in lymph nodes.
- Negative selection occurs in the thymus to eliminate T cells that react strongly against self-antigens.
- The spleen plays a crucial role in filtering blood and facilitating immune interactions, undergoing involution over time.
Lymphatic System and Immune Interactions
- M cells are primarily found in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and play a role in sampling antigens.
- The primary function of M cells includes transporting antigens from the gut lumen to immune cells.
- Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid and contain specialized areas for dendritic cells to present antigens to lymphocytes.
Immune Responses and Pathogen Interactions
- Immunity characterized by slow onset but with memory includes adaptive immunity.
- Th1 cells mediate responses against intracellular pathogens and activate cytotoxic T cells.
- Maturation of B lymphocytes occurs in the bone marrow in mammals and in the bursa of Fabricius in birds.
Responses to Allergies and Parasitic Infections
- Mast cells mediate allergic reactions by releasing histamine from their granules upon encountering allergens.
- Neutrophilia indicates an increased number of neutrophils often associated with inflammation or infection.
Distinguishing Immune Functions
- Professional APCs that activate T cells in lymph nodes include dendritic cells.
- Regulatory T cells inhibit immune responses to maintain tolerance towards self-antigens.
- Cytotoxic T cells directly recognize and kill infected or cancerous cells via cytotoxic pathways.
Immune Cell Characteristics
- Neutrophils have a segmented nucleus and neutral-staining granules and are crucial for the initial response to infection.
- B and T lymphocytes undergo differentiation into various immune cells with unique roles in the immune response.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the origins and functions of different immune cells. Learn about the common progenitors of immune cells, the role of dendritic cells, and the quick response of phagocytes to repeat infections.
