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Immune System Disorders and Responses
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Immune System Disorders and Responses

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Questions and Answers

What is the main consequence of immune deficiencies?

  • Enhanced autoimmune responses
  • Heightened risk of infections and certain cancers (correct)
  • Improved response to vaccinations
  • Increased immune sensitivity to allergens

    • Which cells act as the first line of defense against infectious pathogens?

  • T lymphocytes
  • Epithelial cells (correct)
  • B lymphocytes
  • Dendritic cells

    • What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

  • To mature from monocytes and provide enhanced phagocytosis (correct)
  • To secrete defensins into the bloodstream
  • To produce antibodies against pathogens
  • To activate the complement system exclusively

    • Which of the following is NOT typically considered a component of the normal immune response?

    <p>Natural killer cells in tissue transplants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can abnormal protein deposition in tissues lead to?

    <p>Amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is part of the innate immune system?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of overactive immune responses?

    <p>Autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of immunity, what are defensins?

    <p>Antimicrobial peptides produced by epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category summarizes broader aspects of immunity beyond infectious pathogens?

    <p>Comprehensive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns primarily recognized by?

    <p>Pattern recognition receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type is located in the cytosol and recognizes various microbial substances?

    <p>NOD-like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following receptors is specifically associated with detecting viral nucleic acids?

    <p>RIG-like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage-associated molecular patterns are released by what type of cells?

    <p>Necrotic or injured cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) primarily located?

    <p>In various cellular compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is primarily responsible for detecting extracellular microbes?

    <p>Plasma membrane receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inherited loss-of-function mutations affecting which receptors are associated with immunodeficiency syndromes?

    <p>Toll-like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity?

    <p>To detect microbial components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do RIG-like receptors (RLRs) primarily recognize?

    <p>Viral nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors detect endocytosed microbes?

    <p>Toll-like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of MHC molecules in the immune system?

    <p>To display peptide fragments for T cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do plasma cells primarily reside within the immune system?

    <p>In secondary lymphoid organs and bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of MHC molecules is expressed on all nucleated cells?

    <p>Class I MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is shared by the α chains of Class I MHC molecules?

    <p>They are encoded by multiple closely located genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of effector T cells in response to infection?

    <p>To circulate and migrate to sites of infection to eliminate microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do inhibitory receptors play in the function of NK cells?

    <p>They prevent NK cells from attacking healthy cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the α1 and α2 domains of the Class I MHC molecule?

    <p>They create a groove for peptide binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes naïve lymphocytes?

    <p>They have not encountered the antigen for which they are specific.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about class I MHC expression in infected cells is true?

    <p>Class I MHC expression is reduced, preventing inhibition of NK cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of cells that mature lymphocytes differentiate into after activation?

    <p>Effector cells and memory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of danger signals in the immune response?

    <p>They stimulate the subsequent adaptive immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'antiviral state' in the context of lymphocytes?

    <p>Lymphocytes produce enzymes that fight viral replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the interaction of lymphocytes is correct?

    <p>Lymphocytes are anatomically segregated and interact only upon stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the recognition of antigens influence lymphocyte function?

    <p>It leads to activation and eventual differentiation into effector and memory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the class I MHC molecules on healthy cells in relation to NK cell activity?

    <p>They prevent NK cells from recognizing healthy cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of memory cells in the immune response?

    <p>They remain inactive until a second exposure to an antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of dendritic cells (DCs) in the immune response?

    <p>To transport antigens from epithelia to lymph nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of lymph nodes aids in the concentration of antigens?

    <p>The nodular aggregation of lymphoid tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is accurate about the spleen's function?

    <p>It traps blood-borne antigens to initiate immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are naïve lymphocytes primarily located before they encounter antigens?

    <p>In lymphatic channels and peripheral tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the activation of adaptive immune responses in lymph nodes?

    <p>The direct contact of lymphocytes with antigens captured by antigen-presenting cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the epithelial surfaces in relation to antigen entry?

    <p>They are common sites for pathogen entry into the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lymph nodes primarily contribute to adaptive immunity?

    <p>By concentrating foreign antigens for lymphocyte activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antigens do lymph nodes primarily respond to?

    <p>Antigens derived from microbes entering through epithelia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in capturing antigens within the spleen?

    <p>Macrophages and dendritic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of naïve lymphocytes in the immune system?

    <p>To recognize and respond to specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune System Disorders

    • Immune deficiencies: lead to increased susceptibility to infections and cancer.
    • Autoimmunity: occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.
    • Amyloidosis: involves abnormal protein deposition (often derived from immunoglobulins) in various tissues.

    The Normal Immune Response

    • Immunity: Protection from infectious pathogens, cancers, tissue transplants, and self-antigens (autoimmunity).
    • Normal immune Response: Best understood in the context of protection from infectious pathogens.
    • Two major mechanisms of immunity:
      • Innate immunity: Immediate, non-specific response.
      • Adaptive immunity: Slower, specific response.
    • Innate immunity:
      • First line of defense: Skin, mucous membranes, antimicrobial molecules like defensins.
      • Cellular components: Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells.
      • Plasma proteins: Complement system.
    • Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs):
      • Present on phagocytes, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells。
      • Detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
      • Examples of PRRs:
        • Toll-like receptors (TLRs): Recognize various microbial products.
        • NOD-like receptors (NLRs): Recognize products from necrotic cells and microbes.
        • C-type lectin receptors (CLRs): Recognize carbohydrates on microbes.
        • RIG-like receptors (RLRs): Detect viral nucleic acids.
        • Cytosolic DNA receptors: Detect foreign DNA.
    • NK cells:
      • Kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
      • Recognize cells with reduced MHC class I expression.
      • Express activating and inhibitory receptors that recognize ligands on target cells.
      • Trigger release of cytotoxic granules that kill target cells.
    • Interferons:
      • Antiviral cytokines produced by infected cells.
      • Induce an antiviral state in neighboring cells.
      • Signal the immune system to fight viral infections.
      • Can also activate macrophages to kill infected cells.
    • Inflammation:
      • A complex response involving vascular changes, leukocyte recruitment, and tissue repair.
      • Initiated by PRRs and other inflammatory mediators.
      • A vital protective mechanism but can sometimes become detrimental, leading to chronic inflammation.
    • Adaptive immunity:
      • Specific and targeted response.
      • Mediated by lymphocytes (T cells and B cells).
      • Involves the recognition of specific antigens.
      • Lymphocyte diversity: Wide range of lymphocytes specific for different antigens.
      • Naïve lymphocytes: Lymphocytes that have not yet encountered their specific antigen.
      • Effector lymphocytes: Lymphocytes that have been activated and can directly kill target cells or produce antibodies.
      • Memory lymphocytes: Lymphocytes that remember specific antigens and can respond more quickly and effectively upon re-exposure.
    • Secondary lymphoid organs:
      • Lymph nodes and the spleen.
      • Sites of adaptive immune response generation.
      • Concentrate antigens and lymphocytes to facilitate their interaction.
      • Lymph nodes: Receive antigens from tissues via lymphatic vessels.
      • Spleen: Receive antigens from blood.
      • Lymphocyte trafficking:
        • Naïve lymphocytes circulate through secondary lymphoid organs searching for antigens.
        • Effector lymphocytes migrate to sites of infection.
    • Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
      • MHC molecules are involved in presenting peptide fragments of antigens to lymphocytes.
      • MHC class I molecules:
        • Present on all nucleated cells.
        • Display peptides from intracellular proteins, including viral proteins.
        • Recognized by CD8+ T cells.
      • MHC class II molecules:
        • Present on antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
        • Display peptides from extracellular proteins, such as microbial proteins.
        • Recognized by CD4+ T cells.
    • T and B cells:
      • T cells:
        • Mature in the thymus.
        • Recognize antigen presented by MHC molecules.
        • CD4+ T cells: Helper T cells that activate other immune cells.
        • CD8+ T cells: Cytotoxic T cells that kill infected or cancerous cells.
      • B cells:
        • Mature in the bone marrow.
        • Recognize native antigen (not presented by MHCs)
        • Differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies.
    • Antibody-mediated immunity:
      • Involves antibodies secreted by B cells.
      • Antibodies bind to antigens, leading to their neutralization, opsonization, or complement activation.

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