Human Development Quiz - Infancy and Childhood

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Questions and Answers

At what age do infants typically begin to sleep throughout the night?

By 2 months (correct)

By 6 months

By 1 month

By 4 months

Which type of cry is characterized by a loud and intense sound?

Anger cry (correct)

Pain cry

Hunger cry

Basic cry

What is the process of hardening of bones called?

Muscle development

Metabolism

Ossification (correct)

Coordination

What is colic in infants?

Intense daily bouts of crying without known cause Signup and view all the answers

Which motor skill is primarily developed through crawling?

Locomotor skills Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher suggested a genetically programmed sequential pattern of change?

Arnold Gesell Signup and view all the answers

What significant change has occurred in the understanding of human development over time?

Development now encompasses the entire human lifespan. Signup and view all the answers

What did Jean Piaget describe as part of cognitive development?

Four stages in the development of logical thinking Signup and view all the answers

Why is interdisciplinary research important in the study of human development?

To enhance understanding of development across various contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What major change in the view of adulthood has been noted by psychologists?

Adulthood is recognized as a phase with its own developmental stages. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common attachment pattern observed in children?

Secure Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered to influence secure attachment in children?

Parental Income Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is typical of an insecure-ambivalent attachment pattern?

Child shows anxiety in new environments Signup and view all the answers

What long-term consequence is associated with children who are securely attached during infancy?

Increased sociability in adulthood Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most crucial for fostering secure attachment?

Emotional Responsiveness Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior reflects insecure-avoidant attachment in a child?

Child does not seek comfort from the caregiver Signup and view all the answers

How does marital conflict affect attachment in children?

It can lead to emotional withdrawal from the infant. Signup and view all the answers

What can result from inconsistent exposure to a second language?

Uncertain language patterns Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's theory, what can manifest from a fixation during the oral stage?

Oral behaviors like nail biting Signup and view all the answers

What is a key task of development in early childhood according to the major developmental tasks?

Formation of self-concept Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory corresponds to the development of trust?

Trust versus Mistrust Signup and view all the answers

What primarily develops from the synchrony between a parent and infant?

Long-term bonds Signup and view all the answers

According to Attachment Theory, when does an infant's internal model of relationships become better established?

By age 5 Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior exemplifies stranger anxiety in infants?

Clinging to their mother Signup and view all the answers

How do fathers typically interact with infants compared to mothers?

Less consistently in responding to cues Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes the interaction between inborn characteristics and environmental factors in human development?

Plasticity Signup and view all the answers

What did G. Stanley Hall contribute to the study of human development?

Established norms for developmental milestones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the contemporary understanding of development across the human lifespan?

Development encompasses significant changes in adulthood Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is known for understanding human development through child development studies?

Charles Darwin Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant shift in the study of human development noted in contemporary approaches?

Recognition of the need for interdisciplinary research Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of positive psychology?

To maximize the productivity of workers Signup and view all the answers

Which research method is primarily used to study individuals in their natural environments?

Naturalistic Observation Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of cross-sectional research designs?

They ignore individual differences Signup and view all the answers

What does the influence goal of developmental psychology focus on?

Enhancing individual development through scientific research Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research methodology?

Focus on numerical data Signup and view all the answers

At what age does a child typically begin to demonstrate initial self-awareness defining themselves by categories like gender?

By 2 ½ years Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a child's ability to focus on another person's intentions and an object simultaneously?

Joint Attention Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a more significant role in child development than the type of daycare chosen?

Parent/Caregiver quality Signup and view all the answers

By the end of which age do infants begin to use their caregiver's emotions to guide their own feelings?

12 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common pattern of nonparental daycare arrangement for children?

Care in home daycares or licensed daycare centers Signup and view all the answers

At what age do self-conscious emotional expressions typically emerge in children?

By 2 years Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high-quality, cognitively enriched daycare have on children, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds?

Greater cognitive and language development Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory?

The role of social interactions in complex thinking Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information according to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of self-actualization in humanistic psychology?

To fully realize personal potential Signup and view all the answers

In Bandura's social-cognitive theory, what does the term 'reciprocal determinism' refer to?

The interaction between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what is the primary conflict faced during the stage of identity vs. role confusion?

Forming a cohesive sense of self Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'scaffolding' refer to in the context of Vygotsky’s theory?

The support given to a learner that is tailored to their needs Signup and view all the answers

In learning theories, what is the effect of 'partial reinforcement' on behavior?

It sometimes reinforces a behavior, making it less predictable Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the 'Macrosystem' in Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model?

Economic and social structures that shape development Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1 - Basic Concepts and Methods - The Scientific Study of Human Development

Beliefs about human development have been influenced by the ideas of philosophers' observations of people at different ages.
Currently rely on the scientific method to study development.
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of age-related changes in our bodies, behaviour, thinking, emotions, social relationships, and personalities.
Development encompasses enduring changes in people's capacity and behaviour as they grow older because of the biological growth process and people's interactions with their environment.
Charles Darwin understood the development of the human species by studying child development.
G. Stanley Hall identified norms, or average ages at which milestones happen.
Arnold Gesell suggested the existence of a genetically programmed sequential pattern of change, termed maturation.
Jean Piaget described 4 stages in the development of logical thinking between birth and adolescence.

Psychology in Canada - Brief History

First courses in mental and moral philosophy were taught at Dalhousie.
William Blatz opened OISE in 1925.
The Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) was founded in 1939.
A developmental section was established in 1981.

Contemporary Human Development

The term encompasses the entire human lifespan.
Developmentalists now understand that inborn characteristics interact with environmental factors in complex ways.
Early researchers focused on norms, but today's developmentalists also view norms as a representation of one kind of change.
Important changes occur during every period of development; changes must be interpreted in light of the culture and context.
Interdisciplinary research is important to fully understand human development.
Capacity for positive change, plasticity, is possible throughout life.
Adults commonly experience major life changes like divorce and career shifts, leading to stage models of development that include adult phases.

The Domains of Development

Age-related changes across the lifespan can be classified in 3 broad categories:
- Cognitive domain: includes changes in thinking, memory, problem-solving, and other intellectual skills.
- Social domain: includes changes in variables associated with someone's interactions with others.
- Physical domain: includes changes in size, shape, and characteristics of the body.

Development in the Real World; Toys

Play is critical to children's development.
Toy designers create many toys to promote various aspects of children's development, challenging and stimulating the child based on their age.

Continuity and Discontinuity in Development

Continuity: an age-related change in amount or degree (quantitative change).
Discontinuity: involves changes in characteristics, kind, or type (qualitative changes).

The Interactionist Model of Development (Nature-Nurture)

Today, an interactionist model, respecting the complex reciprocal interactions of nature and nurture is most common.
Understanding that the environment and biological processes interact to influence development is important.

Positive Psychology

Umbrella term for the study of positive emotions, positive character traits, and positive actions that allow individuals and institutions to thrive.
Positive psychology helps guide positive growth in people and workplaces.

Research Designs and Methods

Research design is the structure/design/components of a research study.
A methodology is used to understand the approach to research.
- Qualitative focuses on positivistic approach.
- Qualitative is a naturalistic approach.

Research Ethics

Researchers must follow guidelines designed to protect the rights of animals and humans, like protecting from harm, and informed consent.

Chapter 2 - Theories of Development

Biological and evolutionary theories focus on biological and physiological processes.
Psychoanalytic theories focus on early experiences, including the interplay of conscious and unconscious processes.
Humanistic theories emphasize inherent goodness and the idea that each individual has unique potential.
Behavioral theories study how the environment shapes behavior.
Cognitive theories explore mental processes like memory and thinking.
Systems theory provides an interdisciplinary perspective focusing on the interactions among variables
Both biological and evolutionary perspectives study how genetic factors interact with the environment to influence health and well-being across lifespan.

Chapter 3 - Method

Developmental psychology utilizes descriptive methods and experiments.
Case studies examine individual development in-depth.
Naturalistic observation involves observing people in their everyday environments.
Surveys involve interviews and/or questionnaires to gather data.
Cross-sectional designs examine different age groups at one time.
Longitudinal designs follow the same individuals or groups over time.
Sequential designs combine cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches and follow at least two age groups over time.
Cross-cultural research compares different cultures.
Ethnography is a detailed description of a single culture or context based on extensive observation.
(Rest of the chapters are added/updated below with the information from the text)*
(Note: The provided text does not contain separate chapters for every topic. Adding chapters and sections may not match the original format fully.)*

Chapter 4 - Physical, Sensory, & Perceptual Development in Infancy

Physical changes are most dramatic in the first two years of life.
Growth occurs in both size and weight; head size is proportionally large. ~ Brain Growth/Development:
Synapse development/formation
Myelinization
Neuroplasticity ~ adaptive brain changes in response to experience
Reflexes (adaptive and primitive)
Reflexes: rooting, sucking, Babinski, Moro – disappear over the first twelve months of life
Sleep patterns – change from newborns to 2 and 6 months
Typical cries (basic, anger, pain) & cries across cultures
Colic
Developing Body Systems (Bones, Muscles, Lungs, and Heart).

Chapter 5 - Cognitive Development in Infancy: Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's sensorimotor stage – infants use senses and motor activities to develop an understanding of the world, through: ~Assimilation-Applying existing schemes to new information. ~Accommodation-Modifying existing schemes to fit new information. ~Equilibration- Balancing assimilation and accommodation.
Object Permanence – understanding objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
Imitation– crucial for social development; infants observe and perform actions.
Visual perception and the ability to distinguish colors and forms.
Auditory perception.
Other sensory and perceptual developments.

Attachment styles (secure, anxious, avoidant) form. ~ Secure: comfortable exploring while parent is present ~ Anxious: unable to separate from parent ~ Avoidant: little distress when parent leaves
Important role of attachment figures in terms of emotional security, social relations and self-efficacy.
Temperament (activity level, emotional regulation, social responsiveness) and its implications for development
Role of caregivers and their influence on attachment and temperament.

Chapter 7 - Physical & Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Motor & Physical Development

Continued growth in height and weight.
Refinement of fine and gross motor skills.
Development of both large and small muscles that are fundamental to many tasks of daily living. ~ Changes in body systems, like bones, muscles, and heart, continuously increase during early childhood.
Health considerations, like nutrition and sleep, become increasingly vital.

Children's understanding of themselves, others, and social relationships develops rapidly during early childhood. ~ Attachment styles (secure, anxious, avoidant) and the role of quality.
Social behaviours, like playing with peers and learning social rules, becomes increasingly complex (sharing, cooperation, taking turns). ~Moral development – moral reasoning (Piaget) & emotional regulation. ~Emotional regulation and self-control - importance for social interactions and relationships ~Self-Concept– how a child views them self and peers. ~Understanding of others and empathy also grow.
Cultural influences (e.g., different parenting styles).

Chapter 9 - Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood: General Changes in Development

Continued physical growth, with a slowing of the rate compared to infancy.
Gross and fine motor skills are refined (like writing, drawing etc.).
Brain development continues with increased myelination and increased white matter.
Early childhood experiences → foundation for future success in school.
Cognitive development (e.g., memory, attention, language, problem-solving)
More formal thought processes, capable of higher-level reasoning
Understanding of perspective-taking and empathy develop
Social development involving peer relationships, including understanding and negotiating social rules and cultural norms.

Erikson's stage theory – psychosocial stages (industry vs. inferiority; identity vs. role confusion)
Development of social skills and self-esteem are important. ~ Peer relationships become more influential for school-age children, especially during the middle-late childhood years.
Relationships with parents are still important; parents may see children as needing more independence ~Family Styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive & uninvolved.
Gender differences in play and social groups may emerge.

- *(The rest of the chapters are added/updated with information from the original text, where applicable, and are presented similarly.)**

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to human development, particularly focusing on infancy and childhood. This quiz covers topics such as sleep patterns, attachment styles, and cognitive development theories. Explore how these elements contribute to our understanding of human growth.