Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes securely attached individuals in adult relationships?
What characterizes securely attached individuals in adult relationships?
What is a common behavior of those with ambivalent or anxious attachment?
What is a common behavior of those with ambivalent or anxious attachment?
How does avoiding intimate relationships typically manifest in those with avoidant attachment?
How does avoiding intimate relationships typically manifest in those with avoidant attachment?
Which attachment style is likely to result from childhood trauma and leads to intense fear in relationships?
Which attachment style is likely to result from childhood trauma and leads to intense fear in relationships?
Signup and view all the answers
What foundational belief do securely attached individuals typically hold about the world?
What foundational belief do securely attached individuals typically hold about the world?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary brain area involved in memory maturation during childhood?
What is the primary brain area involved in memory maturation during childhood?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Piaget observe about children's incorrect answers to questions?
What did Piaget observe about children's incorrect answers to questions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately reflects Piaget's views on cognitive development?
Which statement accurately reflects Piaget's views on cognitive development?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines a 'schema' according to Piaget?
What defines a 'schema' according to Piaget?
Signup and view all the answers
How does assimilation work in the context of Piaget's theory?
How does assimilation work in the context of Piaget's theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of accommodation in cognitive development?
What is the role of accommodation in cognitive development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is cognitively developed according to Piaget?
What is cognitively developed according to Piaget?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary emotional response indicating attachment in infants?
What is the primary emotional response indicating attachment in infants?
Signup and view all the answers
What age do children typically begin to exhibit stranger anxiety?
What age do children typically begin to exhibit stranger anxiety?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does familiarity play in the attachment process?
What role does familiarity play in the attachment process?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the previous belief about why infants bond with their mothers?
What was the previous belief about why infants bond with their mothers?
Signup and view all the answers
How does responsive parenting contribute to attachment?
How does responsive parenting contribute to attachment?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it important for infants to stay close to their caregivers?
Why is it important for infants to stay close to their caregivers?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the development of stranger anxiety allow infants to do?
What does the development of stranger anxiety allow infants to do?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a crucial factor in creating the parent-infant bond?
Which of the following is NOT a crucial factor in creating the parent-infant bond?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'attached' mean in the context of infant psychology?
What does the term 'attached' mean in the context of infant psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What behavior typically indicates that an infant is distressed due to separation from a caregiver?
What behavior typically indicates that an infant is distressed due to separation from a caregiver?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the likely response of a preoperational child when asked if two glasses with the same amount of water have the same volume after one is poured into a differently shaped glass?
What is the likely response of a preoperational child when asked if two glasses with the same amount of water have the same volume after one is poured into a differently shaped glass?
Signup and view all the answers
In a conservation of number test, how does a preoperational child typically respond when one row of coins is spread apart?
In a conservation of number test, how does a preoperational child typically respond when one row of coins is spread apart?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common misconception about lengths in conservation tests for preoperational children?
What is a common misconception about lengths in conservation tests for preoperational children?
Signup and view all the answers
How do preoperational children perceive quantities of clay when one lump is reshaped?
How do preoperational children perceive quantities of clay when one lump is reshaped?
Signup and view all the answers
What cognitive limitation characterizes egocentrism in preoperational children?
What cognitive limitation characterizes egocentrism in preoperational children?
Signup and view all the answers
In terms of cognitive development, which characteristic is NOT associated with preoperational children?
In terms of cognitive development, which characteristic is NOT associated with preoperational children?
Signup and view all the answers
What outcome is likely when a preoperational child is presented with two rows of identical coins, one of which is spread apart?
What outcome is likely when a preoperational child is presented with two rows of identical coins, one of which is spread apart?
Signup and view all the answers
How do preoperational children typically approach tasks related to physical quantities like water or clay?
How do preoperational children typically approach tasks related to physical quantities like water or clay?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the inability of a preoperational child to understand that the same amount of clay retains its quantity despite reshaping signify?
What does the inability of a preoperational child to understand that the same amount of clay retains its quantity despite reshaping signify?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes egocentrism in preoperational children?
What characterizes egocentrism in preoperational children?
Signup and view all the answers
At what developmental stage can children easily perform mathematical transformations?
At what developmental stage can children easily perform mathematical transformations?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Formal Operational Stage?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Formal Operational Stage?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Vygotsky, how do children start to think in words and solve problems?
According to Vygotsky, how do children start to think in words and solve problems?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does language play in Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
What role does language play in Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
Signup and view all the answers
How did Piaget's view of cognitive growth differ from Vygotsky's?
How did Piaget's view of cognitive growth differ from Vygotsky's?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a function of inner speech in Vygotsky's theory?
What is a function of inner speech in Vygotsky's theory?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes a misunderstanding of Vygotsky's theory?
Which of the following describes a misunderstanding of Vygotsky's theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'attachment' most closely relate to in child development?
What does the term 'attachment' most closely relate to in child development?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Infancy & Childhood
- Developmental Psychology examines physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan.
- Each stage of life presents different challenges.
Developmental Psychology
- Developmental Psychology examines physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan.
- Each life stage has different challenges.
Old Age vs. Adolescence - Physical Challenges
- Physical challenges differ greatly between old age and adolescence.
Old Age vs. Adolescence - Social Challenges
- Social challenges differ greatly between old age and adolescence.
Lecture Outline
- Across the lifespan
- Physical Development
- Cognitive Development
- Social Development
Developmental Psychology
- Focuses on three major issues:
- Nature vs. Nurture
- Continuity & Stages
- Stability & Change
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature vs. nurture debate is concerned with the relative contributions of inherited characteristics (genetics, biological factors) and acquired characteristics (experience, exposure, learning), to human behavior.
Nature vs. Nurture (continued)
- Nature refers to inherited characteristics.
- Nurture refers to acquired characteristics.
Nature vs. Nurture (continued)
- Are you a product of your biology or life experiences?
Nature vs. Nurture Discussion
- The nature-nurture debate is concerned with the relative influence of both biological and environmental factors on human behavior.
Nature vs. Nurture (continued)
- The debate is now considered resolved; both nature and nurture are important. Both are influential and interact dynamically throughout life.
Nature vs. Nurture (continued)
- The interactive (epigenetics) contribution of nature and nurture influences the expression of genes.
Epigenetics
- Epigenetics is a scientific research area
- It demonstrates how environmental influences (experiences) affect gene expression.
- The old idea that genes are "set in stone" is disproven.
- Nature vs. nurture is no longer a debate; it is nearly always both.
Continuity and Stages
- Is developmental change gradual and continuous or does it proceed through separate stages?
Continuity and Stages (continued)
- Researchers emphasizing biological maturation see development as stages guided by an individual's predisposition.
- Researchers emphasizing learning and experience see development as a slow and continuous process.
Stage Theorists
- Propose developmental stages based on age. Examples include Erikson, Kohlberg, and Piaget.
Stage Theorists (continued)
- Stage theorists propose developmental stages in different domains. Examples include Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, and Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.
- Some researchers question whether life progresses through neatly defined age-linked stages but acknowledge the stage concept is useful.
Stability and Change
- Do personality traits persist throughout life or do we change?
Physical Development
- Brain development involves the growth and increasing complexity of neural networks.
- Motor skills -- these develop in a predictable order.
- Memory
Brain Development
- The brain is immature at birth. The brain of a child matures, resulting in increasingly more complex neural networks.
Brain Development (continued)
- Stages and Changes to the Brain
- Neural growth spurt
- Synaptic pruning
- Frontal lobe development
- Critical periods for language and vision
- Changes in brain tissue and neural plasticity
Motor Development
- Infants follow an orderly pattern. There is little impact on motor development sequence related to experience.
Maturation
- Relatively uninfluenced by the environment, maturation lays the foundational course of development, while experience adapts it.
- Maturation refers to biological growth processes.
Maturation (continued)
- Everyone goes through predictable stages in the same order, but the timing may vary based on individual characteristics (experience, culture, and environment).
Infantile Amnesia
- As children mature and their brain areas underlying memory develop (hippocampus and frontal lobes), childhood amnesia decreases.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget studied children's thinking and reasoning processes.
- He noticed children of similar ages gave incorrect answers to similar questions.
- He found it to be a pattern in how their minds worked, not necessarily childish mistakes.
- Developmental psychology often involves theories of how people think. Piaget was a pioneer in his development of stage theories of thought.
- Piaget believed cognitive development follows a series of sequential stages in different developmental domains.
- Piaget's stages of cognitive development show that some of the sequential order may change in children.
Piaget's Concepts
- Cognition - All the mental activities associated with knowing, remembering, and communicating.
- Schemas - Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
- Assimilation - Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.
- Accommodation - Adapting one's schemas to incorporate new information.
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (ages birth to about 2 years) - Experience world through senses, actions, and object permanence.
- Preoperational Stage (ages 2 to about 6 or 7 years) - Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning and object permanence.
- Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7 to 11 years) - Thinking logically but limited to concrete events.
- Formal Operational Stage (age 12 through adulthood) - Abstract reasoning.
Sensorimotor Stage
- Object permanence - awareness that objects continue to exist even when not perceived.
Preoperational Stage
- Pretend Play - Imaginative play.
- Conservation - The principle that certain properties of objects such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of the objects.
- Egocentrism - The inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view. Children in this stage are often egocentric.
Concrete Operational Stage
- Conservation - The principle that certain properties of objects such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of the objects. Children start to comprehend conservation tasks in this stage.
Formal Operational Stage
- Abstract Reasoning - Advanced ability to form hypothetical ideas and reason abstractly.
Vygotsky's Theory
- An alternative viewpoint focusing on social and cultural influences on development.
Vygotsky's Theory (continued)
- A child's interaction with the social world through words and communication.
- Use of inner speech ("inner voice"). This is how a child learns their culture's language.
- This is believed to affect their later thinking.
Social Development: Attachment
- Attachment- An emotional tie with another person, often a significant caregiver, observed in infancy and young children.
- Attachment is a key aspect of social development.
- Stranger anxiety is a natural and healthy development related to attachment.
- This is seen as a protective measure to help identify potentially threatening people.
Social Development: Attachment (continued)
- Children become attached to those who are familiar and comfortable.
- Early attachment is a significant factor impacting later development and relationships in childhood and into adult life.
- There are a number of elements that work together to develop this parent-infant bond.
- Body contact
- Familiarity
- Responsive parenting
Social Development: Attachment (continued)
- Body contact plays a significant role in attachment. Research, such as Harlow's work with monkeys, has disproven the belief that attachment is primarily based on nourishment.
- Familiarity forms strong attachments. For some species, this happens through the concept of imprinting.
- Sensitive and responsive parenting leads to secure attachment. Insensitive or unresponsive parenting lead to insecure attachment.
Social Development: Attachment (continued)
- Measuring attachment (using the strange situation experiment)
- Differences in attachment types (secure or insecure attachment)
- Individual temperament and parenting may have a role in forming attachments in a child.
Social Development: Parenting Styles
- Four main styles in parenting: authoritarian, permissive, negligent, and authoritative. Each style has different outcomes and characteristics.
Parenting Styles (continued)
- Authoritarian parenting: demanding and unresponsive. Outcomes are often less desirable social and emotional skills, lower self esteem and social competence and higher aggression.
- Permissive parenting: responsive and undemanding. Outcomes may be increased risky behaviors, a lack of self control and aggressiveness.
- Negligent parenting: undemanding and unresponsive. Outcomes poorer social competence, feelings of rejection and loneliness, and high risk of substance abuse and other mental health problems.
- Authoritative parenting: demanding and responsive. Outcomes are very positive with high self esteem, self reliance, and social competence.
Best Parenting Style
- For parents who value unquestioning obedience and protection in a dangerous environment, an authoritarian style may be fitting.
- For parents who place value on a child's socialization and self reliance, an authoritative style of parenting often leads to those positive outcomes.
Self-Concept
- Beliefs about ourselves, an understanding of who we are and how we evaluate ourselves.
- Positive self concepts are an important part of sociability and success in childhood.
- Self-awareness emerges gradually through early childhood. - around 18 months of age most children are able to understand their reflection in a mirror is them.
- Self-concept is stable by around ages 12 to 18 months.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores key concepts related to attachment styles in adult relationships and cognitive development theories proposed by Piaget. Delve into how different attachment styles affect adult behaviors and the foundational principles of cognitive development. Test your understanding of these essential psychological frameworks!
