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Questions and Answers
Which statement accurately reflects the concept of moral realism?
Which statement accurately reflects the concept of moral realism?
What is the primary brain region associated with linguistic or verbal intelligence?
What is the primary brain region associated with linguistic or verbal intelligence?
Which type of intelligence is characterized by the ability to understand one's own emotions and use this knowledge to regulate behavior?
Which type of intelligence is characterized by the ability to understand one's own emotions and use this knowledge to regulate behavior?
Which intelligence type is primarily concerned with recognizing and manipulating natural patterns in the environment?
Which intelligence type is primarily concerned with recognizing and manipulating natural patterns in the environment?
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Which type of intelligence involves solving problems using one's body and physical skills?
Which type of intelligence involves solving problems using one's body and physical skills?
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What is the primary concept behind Harlow's theory related to attachment in children?
What is the primary concept behind Harlow's theory related to attachment in children?
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Which type of neglect involves the chronic absence of educational opportunities for children?
Which type of neglect involves the chronic absence of educational opportunities for children?
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What is a potential psychological effect on children who experience abuse and neglect?
What is a potential psychological effect on children who experience abuse and neglect?
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At what age does autism typically become evident in children, according to the information provided?
At what age does autism typically become evident in children, according to the information provided?
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Which type of neglect involves failing to meet the basic physical care needs of a child?
Which type of neglect involves failing to meet the basic physical care needs of a child?
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Which of the following statements about social deprivation in children is accurate?
Which of the following statements about social deprivation in children is accurate?
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What type of abuse involves the act of using a child for sexual gratification?
What type of abuse involves the act of using a child for sexual gratification?
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What is the primary characteristic of sensory memory?
What is the primary characteristic of sensory memory?
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Which statement accurately describes working memory?
Which statement accurately describes working memory?
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What is the general capacity of short-term memory in adults?
What is the general capacity of short-term memory in adults?
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Which parenting style is characterized by high warmth and control?
Which parenting style is characterized by high warmth and control?
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What are children of permissive indulgent parents likely to exhibit in school?
What are children of permissive indulgent parents likely to exhibit in school?
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According to Freud, which phase is emphasized during middle childhood?
According to Freud, which phase is emphasized during middle childhood?
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Erikson's psychosocial theory highlights which critical conflict during middle childhood?
Erikson's psychosocial theory highlights which critical conflict during middle childhood?
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What is the main psychosocial crisis faced during infancy according to Erikson's theory?
What is the main psychosocial crisis faced during infancy according to Erikson's theory?
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What is a common outcome for children who experience rejection neglectful parenting?
What is a common outcome for children who experience rejection neglectful parenting?
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What emotion is primarily associated with an unsuccessful resolution in the toddlerhood stage?
What emotion is primarily associated with an unsuccessful resolution in the toddlerhood stage?
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What is the difference in information capacity between preschoolers and typical adults?
What is the difference in information capacity between preschoolers and typical adults?
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Which psychosocial crisis is characterized by children learning to assert themselves and explore their world?
Which psychosocial crisis is characterized by children learning to assert themselves and explore their world?
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What is a potential outcome of unsuccessful resolution in the industry vs. inferiority stage?
What is a potential outcome of unsuccessful resolution in the industry vs. inferiority stage?
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During which stage do individuals primarily seek to form intimate relationships?
During which stage do individuals primarily seek to form intimate relationships?
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What challenge do adolescents primarily face in Erikson's theory?
What challenge do adolescents primarily face in Erikson's theory?
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What primary emotional state arises when infants do not have their needs consistently met?
What primary emotional state arises when infants do not have their needs consistently met?
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In the context of Erikson's stages, what does successful resolution of the autonomy vs. shame and doubt crisis lead to?
In the context of Erikson's stages, what does successful resolution of the autonomy vs. shame and doubt crisis lead to?
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Which stage involves a significant focus on skill acquisition and competence?
Which stage involves a significant focus on skill acquisition and competence?
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Which psychosocial development stage is associated with feelings of identity diffusion when unresolved?
Which psychosocial development stage is associated with feelings of identity diffusion when unresolved?
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Which aspect of moral development is NOT emphasized in Kohlberg's Theory?
Which aspect of moral development is NOT emphasized in Kohlberg's Theory?
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What is one major criticism of Kohlberg's Theory regarding gender?
What is one major criticism of Kohlberg's Theory regarding gender?
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How does Kohlberg's theory classify the progression through moral stages?
How does Kohlberg's theory classify the progression through moral stages?
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Which of these statements illustrates the core idea behind moral reasoning in Kohlberg's Theory?
Which of these statements illustrates the core idea behind moral reasoning in Kohlberg's Theory?
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What do critics assert is a limitation of Kohlberg's moral reasoning model?
What do critics assert is a limitation of Kohlberg's moral reasoning model?
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In the context of Piaget's theory, how are schemas defined?
In the context of Piaget's theory, how are schemas defined?
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Which level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's Theory is considered post-conventional?
Which level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's Theory is considered post-conventional?
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What is a key feature of Kohlberg's use of moral dilemmas in his research?
What is a key feature of Kohlberg's use of moral dilemmas in his research?
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Which statement reflects a limitation regarding the application of Kohlberg's Theory?
Which statement reflects a limitation regarding the application of Kohlberg's Theory?
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What does Kohlberg's theory suggest regarding the highest stages of moral development?
What does Kohlberg's theory suggest regarding the highest stages of moral development?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Development in Children
- Piaget describes four stages of cognitive development, progressing in a specific order
- Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2): Children use innate skills like looking, grasping, and sucking
- Preoperational stage (ages 2-7): Children use symbols to represent objects, images, and ideas, and engage in pretend play
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Concrete operational stage (ages 7-11): Children develop logical thinking that is concrete and tangible
- Logical thinking
- Reversibility
- Conservation
- Decentration
- Classification
- Seriation: arranging objects by size or other properties
- Transitivity: understanding relationships between objects
- Less egocentrism
- Formal operational stage (age 11+): Children can formulate hypotheses and think abstractly, understanding mathematical structures.
Attachment Styles in Infants
- Secure Attachment: Infants show mild distress on mother's departure but are easily comforted upon reunion.
- Avoidant Attachment: Infants show little distress on mother's departure and avoid contact on reunion.
- Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment: Infants show severe distress on mother's departure and clinginess/resistance on reunion.
- Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment: Infants exhibit confused and contradictory behaviours.
Neglect and Abuse of Children
- Physical neglect: Failure to provide basic needs like food, shelter, clothing, or medical care.
- Emotional neglect: Failure to meet a child's emotional needs, like lack of affection, attention, or emotional support.
- Educational neglect: Failure to provide appropriate education.
- Physical abuse: Deliberate infliction of physical harm.
- Sexual abuse: Exploitation of a child for sexual purposes.
- Emotional abuse: Verbal aggression, ridicule, threats or coercion intended to control a child.
Educational Neglect
- Chronically Truant children: 11-13 years old who are persistently absent from school without a valid reason.
Child Development
- Social Deprivation: Limited social interaction and stimulation can lead to delays in social-emotional and intellectual development.
- Autism: Characterized by difficulties with social communication, interaction, and repetitive behaviours. It usually becomes evident by age 3 but sometimes before.
Information Processing Theory
- Sensory Memory: Brief storage of sensory information (milliseconds)
- Short-Term Memory: Limited temporary storage of information (seconds)
- Long-Term Memory: Relatively permanent storage of information.
Parenting Styles
- Authoritative: High warmth and high control; encourages independence while setting clear boundaries. Results in child self-reliance, self-esteem, and competence.
- Authoritarian: Low warmth and high control; focuses on obedience and rules with little explanation. Results in children who are less competent socially and academically.
- Permissive: High warmth and low control; permissive and indulgent. Children are more likely to display deviant behaviour in school.
- Neglecting/Rejecting: Low warmth and low control. Results in children who are least competent, responsible, mature, and most prone to problem behaviours.
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
- Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy): Developing trust in caregivers, leading to security and hope.
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlerhood): Achieving independence and self-control, resulting in self-confidence.
- Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool): Taking initiative, exploring, and developing a sense of purpose, leading to initiative, purpose and assertiveness.
- Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age): Acquiring competence, leading to competence and mastery, contributing to feelings of industry.
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence): Exploring roles, values, and beliefs to form an identity, resulting to strong identity formation.
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood): Forming close relationships with others, resulting in intimacy and love.
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood): Contributing to society and future generations, resulting in a sense of purpose.
- Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age): Evaluating one's life and accepting it. Resulting in a sense of integrity and satisfaction.
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Emphasis on unconscious processes shaping behaviour, thoughts, and emotions
- Id (instinctual drives, seeks pleasure)
- Ego (mediates between id and external world, operates on reality principle)
- Superego (moral standards and conscience)
- Defence mechanisms (e.g., repression, denial) protecting ego from anxiety.
- Psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital) stages of psychosexual development.
Moral Development (Kohlberg)
- Preconventional Morality: Morality based on avoiding punishment and self-interest
- Conventional Morality: Morality based on social norms and maintaining order
- Postconventional Morality: Morality based on abstract principles like human dignity and justice.
Cognitive Schemas
- Mental frameworks for organizing and interpreting information
- Developed through experience and adjusted through assimilation (fitting new info into existing schemas) and accommodation (adjusting schemas to fit new info)
- Crucial for making predictions and guiding behaviour
- Can influence how a person processes, interprets, and acts on the world around them
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interferes with daily functioning.
- Stimulant medications (e.g., Ritalin) are a common treatment.
Conduct Disorder
- A childhood disorder characterized by persistently breaking rules and violating others' rights.
- Genetic and environmental factors, such as family adversity and peer influence, can contribute to the development of conduct disorder.
Dyslexia
- A learning disorder characterized by difficulties with reading and other written language skills.
Attachment
- A deep and enduring emotional bond between a child and their primary caregiver.
- Crucial for a child's overall development and well-being.
- Mary Ainsworth identified several attachment patterns.
Object Permanence
- Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
- Essential for a child's cognitive development and understanding of the world.
Other Intelligences (Gardner)
- Linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and existential.
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Description
This quiz explores Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, from sensorimotor to formal operational stages, and highlights key concepts such as logical thinking and conservation. Additionally, it touches on infant attachment styles, discussing secure attachment and its implications for early development. Test your understanding of these crucial aspects of child psychology!
